Table 3.
Biochemical data and visual analog scale scores.
| 0 wk | 4 wk | Change value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPG (mg/dL) | Placebo | 87.13 ± 1.79 | 87.52 ± 2.13 | 0.39 ± 0.9 |
| Chicory | 85.08 ± 2.17 | 86.45 ± 2.26 | 1.37 ± 1.11 | |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | Placebo | 3.97 ± 0.39 | 4.04 ± 0.51 | 0.07 ± 0.42 |
| Chicory | 4.02 ± 0.38 | 3.91 ± 0.34 | −0.10 ± 0.34 | |
| HbA1c (%) | Placebo | 5.34 ± 0.07 | 5.30 ± 0.07 | −0.03 ± 0.01 |
| Chicory | 5.32 ± 0.06 | 5.22 ± 0.05** | −0.09 ± 0.01*** | |
| T-Cho (mg/dL) | Placebo | 233.43 ± 7.14 | 233.21 ± 7.35 | −0.21 ± 3.64 |
| Chicory | 222.29 ± 6.63 | 222.87 ± 5.98 | 0.58 ± 3.88 | |
| LDL-Cho (mg/dL) | Placebo | 143.26 ± 6.24 | 143.57 ± 6.22 | 0.96 ± 7.11 |
| Chicory | 139.54 ± 5.70 | 142.00 ± 5.5 | 7.79 ± 12.73 | |
| HDL-Cho (mg/dL) | Placebo | 80.83 ± 3.50 | 81.13 ± 3.62 | 0.30 ± 1.53 |
| Chicory | 69.67 ± 3.23 | 69.46 ± 3.99 | −0.20 ± 1.07 | |
| TG (mg/dL) | Placebo | 81.39 ± 7.27 | 82.35 ± 8.81 | 0.95 ± 7.10 |
| Chicory | 101.5 ± 15.27 | 109.29 ± 25.06 | 7.79 ± 12.73 | |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | Placebo | 10.92 ± 1.20 | 11.04 ± 1.17 | 0.12 ± 0.20 |
| Chicory | 10.54 ± 1.29 | 10.90 ± 1.33* | 0.36 ± 0.27 | |
| Body weight (kg) | Placebo | 55.93 ± 2.18 | 56.57 ± 2.13 | 0.64 ± 0.60 |
| Chicory | 55.26 ± 1.85 | 55.18 ± 1.81 | −0.08 ± 0.12 | |
| Body fat percentage (%) | Placebo | 28.68 ± 1.78 | 29.87 ± 1.71 | 1.19 ± 0.67 |
| Chicory | 28.3 ± 1.29 | 28.09 ± 1.29 | −0.21 ± 0.44 | |
| BMI | Placebo | 22.2 ± 0.72 | 22.43 ± 0.71 | 0.23 ± 0.20 |
| Chicory | 21.61 ± 0.56 | 21.55 ± 0.56 | −0.05 ± 0.05 | |
| SBP in all participants (mmHg) | Placebo | 120.96 ± 4.72 | 122.00 ± 3.99 | 1.04 ± 2.15 |
| Chicory | 120.95 ± 4.28 | 120.54 ± 3.89 | 4.63 ± 5.46 | |
| DBP in all participants (mmHg) | Placebo | 75.3 ± 2.23 | 75.35 ± 2.44 | 0.04 ± 1.31 |
| Chicory | 74.61 ± 2.21 | 74.88 ± 2.09 | 3.38 ± 3.28 | |
| SBP in all participants with SNP16A/G allele (mmHg) | Placebo | 114.50 ± 5.79 | 120.60 ± 6.22* | 6.10 ± 2.61 |
| Chicory | 127.00 ± 6.87 | 122.33 ± 6.47 | −4.67 ± 2.69*** | |
| DBP in all participants with SNP16A/G allele (mmHg) | Placebo | 71.50 ± 2.69 | 72.20 ± 2.86 | 0.70 ± 1.97 |
| Chicory | 76.78 ± 3.28 | 77.11 ± 3.57 | 0.33 ± 1.65 | |
| Defecation rhythm (mm) | Placebo | 55.78 ± 6.28 | 54.09 ± 6.37 | −1.70 ± 2.49 |
| Chicory | 54.42 ± 6.64 | 63.54 ± 6.12* | 9.13 ± 3.93 | |
| Defecation straining (mm) | Placebo | 65.43 ± 6.47 | 64.96 ± 5.18 | −0.48 ± 4.59 |
| Chicory | 64.79 ± 5.86 | 65.13 ± 6.11 | 0.33 ± 5.03 | |
| Defecation satisfaction (mm) | Placebo | 69.48 ± 5.73 | 70.91 ± 5.42 | 1.43 ± 4.25 |
| Chicory | 70.38 ± 4.89 | 74.00 ± 4.71 | 3.63 ± 5.44 | |
| Fecal odor (mm) | Placebo | 61.09 ± 5.52 | 62.57 ± 4.99 | 1.48 ± 3.37 |
| Chicory | 73.67 ± 4.12 | 71.75 ± 4.06 | −1.92 ± 3.90 |
Values are mean ± standard error. The comparison was performed by paired t test for the evaluation values at Week 0 and Week 4 in the same group (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01), and by the Mann–Whitney U test for the change value comparison between the placebo and chicory groups (***p < 0.05).
BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; Cho = cholesterol; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-Cho = high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-Cho = low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SBP = systolic blood pressure; T-Cho = Total cholesterol, TG = triglyceride.