Table 3.
Ingredient composition of the five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets and levels of detected Fusarium mycotoxins.
| Ingredients | Experimental Diets | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (100%) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Cassava | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| Soybean meal | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 |
| Clean wheat a | 19.6 | 18.4 | 17.1 | 14.6 | 9.6 |
| Contaminated wheat b | - | 1.2 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 10.0 |
| Rice bran | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Fish meal c | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| Vitamin premix d | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Fish oil | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Soybean oil | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Proximate analysis (% dry matter basis) | |||||
| Dry matter (%) | 94.4 | 95.6 | 94.9 | 95.5 | 94.6 |
| Crude protein (%) | 25.1 | 25.2 | 24.3 | 24.5 | 24.1 |
| Lipid (%) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 |
| Ash (%) | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.6 |
| Gross energy (kJ/g) | 17.8 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 17.8 |
| Fusarium mycotoxins (mg·kg−1 diet) | |||||
| Deoxynivalenol (DON) | 0.07 | 0.31 | 0.50 | 0.92 | 1.15 |
| Zearalenone (ZEN) | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.37 | 0.98 |
| Other Fusarium metabolites (mg·kg−1 diet) | |||||
| Aurofusarin | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.66 | 1.28 | 2.46 |
| Rubrofusarin | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.49 |
| Culmorin | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 1.39 |
| 15-Hydroxyculmorin | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.67 | 1.83 |
| Alternaria metabolites (mg·kg−1 diet) | |||||
| Alternariol | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.12 |
| Alternariolmonomethyle-ther | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
Note: a Clean wheat flour contains 0.23 mg DON kg−1 analyzed by LC-MS/MS; b Wheat naturally contaminated with 41 mg DON kg−1; c Contains >60% crude protein; d Vitamin premix (Premix BA 193C, Biomin) provides per kg diet: vitamin A, 2.000.000 IU; vitamin D3, 480.000 IU; vitamin E, 20 g; vitamin C, 10 g; vitamin K3, 3 g; vitamin B1, 2.5 g; vitamin B2, 3 g; vitamin B6, 3.5 mg; vitamin B12, 0.01 g; niacine, 5 g; panthotenic acid, 5 g; choline 60%; Zn, 70 g; Fe, 14 g; Cu 2.4 g; Mn, 12 g; Co, 0.025 g; I, 1 g; Se 0.12 g; folic acid, 1.7 g; Biotin, 0.05 g; inositol, 10 g.