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. 2015 Jun 19;7(6):3204–3225. doi: 10.3390/v7062770

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Structure and composition of exosomes. Exosomes contain a plasma membrane-derived phospholipid bilayer membrane. The composition depends on the cell type of origin, state of health of the host, and extracellular stimuli. Exosome contents include mRNA, miRNA, DNA, and proteins like annexins, tetraspanins, Alix, TSG101, MHC molecules, Rab proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, enzymes, and signal transduction proteins. GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase PGK: 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, PK: pyruvate kinase, EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor, CDC42: cell division control protein 42, PI3k: phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, ARF1: ADP-ribosylation factor 1, MUC1: Mucin 1, vRNA: viral RNA, vmiRNA: viral miRNA.