Table 3.
Effects of apples and apple components on lipid metabolism in animals.
| Animal Type- Number (n)- Study Duration-Design |
Diets-Daily Dose | Results | Author |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wistar rats n = 12 each group 3 weeks/parallel |
Control diet or 15% lyophilized apple | TC: ↓ 9.3% Faecal TS excretion: ↑ Faecal TC excretion: ↑ |
Aprikian et al., 2001 [145] |
| Wistar rats n = 10 each group 40 days/parallel |
Control cholesterol (3g/kg) diet or 10% apple pomace fiber | TC: ↓ 18.4% LDL-C: ↓ 31.2% HDL phospholipids: ↑ 19% TAG: ↓ 14.8% Liver TC: ↓ 26.3% |
Leontowicz et al., 2001[138] |
| Lean (Fa/-) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats n = 8 each group 3 weeks/parallel |
Control diet or 20% lyophilized apple | TC: ↓ 22% (Obese group) LDL-C: ↓ 70% (Obese group) HDL-C: ↓ 26% (Obese group) Liver and heart TAG: ↓ (Obese group) Faecal BA excretion: ↑ (Lean group) |
Aprikian et al., 2002 [147] |
| Wistar rats n = 8 each group 4 weeks/parallel |
Control cholesterol (1%) diet or 10% whole dry apples | TC: ↓ 20% LDL-C: ↓ 32.6% TAG: ↓ 17% Liver TC: ↓ 29.6% |
Leontowicz et al., 2002[146] |
| Wistar mild hypercholesteolemic rats n = 10 each group 3 weeks/parallel |
Control diet or Freeze dried pectin, 5% (PEC) or High polyphenol cider apple extract, 10% (PL) or Mixed diet: PEC + PL | TC: ↓ 24% (PEC + PL) TAG: ↓ 29% (PL) ↓ 35% (PEC + PL) Liver TC and TAG: ↓ (PEC and PEC + PL) Faecal BA excretion: ↓ (PEC and PEC + PL) Faecal NS excretion: ↑ (PEC and PEC + PL) |
Aprikian et al., 2003 [115] |
| Wistar rats n = 8 each group 4 weeks/parallel |
Control cholesterol (1%) diet or apple peel, 10% (Apeel) or apple pulp, 10% (Apulp) | TC: ↓ 21.6% (Apeel), ↓ 19.4% (Apulp) LDL-C: ↓ 35.3% (Apeel), ↓ 33.3% (Apulp) TAG: ↓ 18% (Apeel), ↓ 14.6% (Apulp) Liver TC: ↓ 31.6% (Apeel), ↓ 27% (Apulp) |
Leontowicz et al., 2003[150] |
| Sprague-Dawley rats n = 8 or 9 each group 30 days/parallel |
Control cholesterol (0.5%) diet or 0.2% apple polyphenols rich in oligomeric procyanidins (AP) or 0.5% AP or1% AP | TC: ↓ (all treatments) HDL-C: ↑ (1% AP), ↓ (0.2% AP) HDL-C/TC: ↑ (0.5% and 1% AP) Liver TC: ↓ (0.5% and 1% AP) Atherogenic indices: ↓ (0.5% and 1% AP) Faecal acidic and neutral steroid excretion: ↑ (0.5% and 1% AP) |
Osada et al., 2006 [139] |
| ApoE deficient mice (apoE-KO) n = 16 each group 4 months/parallel |
Control diet or apple polyphenols (AP), equivalent to 1.6 g/day for humans orapple fiber (AF), equivalent to 50 g/day for humans or Mixed diet: AP + AF | Liver TC: ↓ 22% (AP + AF) Atherosclerotic lesions: ↓ (all treatments) |
Auclair et al., 2008 [144] |
| Hypercholesterolemic hamsters n = 8 each group 12 weeks/parallel |
Control atherogenic diet orapple (A) or apple juice (AJ) Equivalent to daily consumption of 600 g apples or 500 ml of juice for humans | TC: ↓ 11% (A) ↓ 24% (AJ) Non HDL-C: ↓ 30% (A) ↓ 55% (AJ) TC/HDL-C: ↓ 25% (A) ↓ 38% (AJ) Aortic fatty streak area: ↓ 48% (A) and 60% (AJ) |
Decorde et al., 2008 [142] |
| Golden Syrian hamsters n = 13 each group 6 weeks/parallel |
Control atherogenic diet, 0.1% cholesterol or 0.3% apple polyphenols (AP) or 0.6% AP | HDL-C: ↑14.7% (0.3% AP) ↑16.5% (0.6% AP) Non HDL-C: ↓ 20% (0.3% AP) ↓ 36.7% (0.6% AP) TAG: ↓ 31.9% (0.6% AP) Faecal BA excretion: ↑ (0.3% and 0.6% AP) Faecal NS excretion: ↓ (0.3% and 0.6% AP) |
Lam et al., 2008 [143] |
| Zucker fatty rats n = 10 each group 15 weeks/parallel |
Control diet or High methoxylated apple pectin, 10% (HMAP) or β-glucan, 10% | TC: ↓ (HMAP and β-glucan) HDL-C: ↑ (HMAP) Non HDL-C: ↓ (HMAP and β-glucan) TAG: ↓ (HMAP and β-glucan, higher effect for HMAP) |
Sanchez et al., 2008 [35] |
| Rabbits n = 8 each group 2 months/parallel |
Control cholesterol (1%) diet or 5 ml apple juice (low dose, LD) or 10 ml apple juice (high dose, HD) | TC: ↓ 75% (LD), ↓ 77% (HD) LDL-C: ↓ 70% (HD) HDL-C: ↑ 86% (HD) TAG: ↓ 61% (LD), ↓ 59% (HD) Atherosclerotic lesions: ↓ (LD and HD) |
Setorki et al., 2009 [20] |
| Wistar rats n = 8 each group 4 weeks/parallel |
Control diet or 5% AP: apple pomace (61% dietary fiber (DF), 0.23% polyphenols (PP)) or 5% APE: ethanol extracted apple pomace (66% DF, 0.1% PP) or 5% APA: ethanol/acetone extracted apple pomace (67% DF, 0.01% PP) | TC: ↓ 19% (AP and APA) TAG: ↓ 26% (APA) ↓ 38% (AP) Atherogenic index, log TAG/HDL-C: ↓ (AP) |
Kosmala et al., 2011 [117] |
| Wistar hypercholesterolemic rats n = 8 each group 30 days/parallel |
Control cholesterol (2%) diet 20% apples from 3 different varieties:
|
TC: ↓ 21% (BE) LDL-C: ↓ 20.4% (BE) TAG: ↓ 27.2% (BE) |
Serra et al., 2012 [140] |
| Sprague–Dawley rats n = 8 each group 5 weeks/parallel |
Control high fat diet or 10% apple pomace (AP) or 10% apple juice concentrate (AC) | TC: ↓ 23% (AP), ↓ 22% (AC) LDL-C: ↓ 34% (AP), ↓ 32% (AC) HDL-C: ↑ 12% (AP) HDL-C/TC: ↑ (AP and AC) TAG: ↓ 30% (AP), ↓ 27% (AC) Liver TC: ↓19% (AP) Liver TAG: ↓ 21% (AP), ↓ 10% (AC) Atherogenic index: ↓ (AP and AC) |
Cho et al., 2013 [148] |
↑: significant increase compared to the control diet; ↓: significant decrease compared to the control diet; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL: high density lipoprotein; TAG: triacylglycerols; TS: total steroids; NS: neutral sterols; BA: bile acids.