Table 2.

Overview of the studies reviewed.

	Characteristics of Studies	Findings	References
Mediterranean diets	Greek tradition vs. Anglo-Celtics	Paraoxonase activity correlated with carotenoid concentrations	[21]
	Mediterranean-like meal was compared to a Western-like meal	Increase in PON1 activity and carotenoid concentrations	[22]
Olive oil or its components	Virgin olive oil in humans	Increased PON1 levels	[9,36,37]
	Olive oil in animal models	Favors PON1	[39,40,45]
	Oleic acid intake in humans	The beneficial effect on PON1 activity was dependent on polymorphisms	[26]
	Olive oil and green tea phenolics in animals	Increased PON1 activity	[47,48]
	Squalene	Variable effects depending on matrix vehicle	[50,51]
Nuts	Human and animal studies	Effect on PON1 may vary according to different nuts and their constituents	[62,63,64,65,66]
Fruits and vegetables	Increased consumption in humans	Augmented PON1 with some fruits and phenotypes	[15,70,71,72,73,74,76,89,90,91,92]
Lipids	Human and animal studies	Differential effects depending on different fatty acids	[45,93,94,95]
Phenolic compounds	Quercetin in mice	PON1 differentially regulated depending on APOE genotype	[96]
	Anthocyanin in humans	Increased HDL-PON1	[100]
	Flavonoids and isoflavones	Discrepant results in function of experimental approach	[101,102,103,104,108,109,110,111,112,113]
	Curcumin	In vivo effect is influenced by the animal model and dietary fat content	[114,115]
	Resveratrol	Animal model and dietary regimen modify the outcome	[116,117,118,119,120,121,122]
Vitamins and carotenoids	Vitamin A, C and E supplementation	Positive action on PON1	[123,124,125,126,127]
	β-carotene, astaxanthin, lycopene	Increased PON1 activity	[91,128,129,130,131]
Coenzyme Q10	Humans consuming olive oil enriched with this compound	Increase in PON1 activity	[136]
Taurine	Rats with hypothyroidism	Increase in serum paraoxonase	[138]
Trace elements	Selenium supplementation to rats	Increase in serum paraoxonase	[139]