Table 1.
Change of metabolites as determined by metabolomics after intake of dairy products.
| Reference | Dairy Product | Design | Subject | N | Age | Time | Sample | Technique | Metabolite | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guertin et al. [98] | Butter | E a | Women (44%) | 502 | 64 ± 5 | 1 year | Serum | UPLC/GC-MS | Methyl palmitate (16:0)↑; 15:0↑; 10-undecenoate↑ | ||
| Bertram et al. [99] | Milk | R b | Boy (100%) | 24 | 8 | 7 days | Urine, plasma | NMR | Urinary hippurate↑; plasma SCFA↑ |
||
| Pedersen et al. [100] | Probiotic/non-probiotic acidified milk | R | Women (74%) | 61 | 19–79 | 8 weeks | Serum | NMR | Lactate↑; 3-hydroxybutyrate↑ |
||
| Pedersen et al. [101] | Probiotic/non-probiotic acidified milk | R | Women (74%) | 61 | 19–79 | 8 weeks | Serum | GC-MS | Lactate↑; glutamine↑; proline↑; creatinine/creatine↑; aspartic acid↑; glucose↓ |
||
| Zheng et al. [102] | Casein, whey, skim milk | R | Overweight adolescents (Girl, 62%) | 192 | 12–15 | 12 weeks | Urine | NMR | Casein/skim milk: urea↑ | ||
| Piccolo et al. [103] | Whey | R | Obese women (100%) | 27 | - | 8 weeks | Plasma | GC-MS | Whey vs. gelatin protein: Pro-/Cys-related metabolites↓ | ||
| Zheng et al. [104] | Low or high dairy product | R | Women (100%) | 38 | 18–60 | 24 weeks | Urine | NMR | High vs. low dairy intake: citrate↑; TMAO↓ | ||
| Hjerpsted et al. [105] | Cheese, butter | C c | Women (43%) | 23 | 22–70 | 6 weeks | Urine | UPLC-MS |
Cheese: indoxyl sulfate↑; xanthurenic acid↑; tyramine sulfate↑; 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid↑; isovalerylglutamic acid↑; isovalerylglycine↑; tiglylglycine↑; isobutyrylglycine↑ |
||
| Zheng et al. [106] | Cheese, milk | C | Men (100%) | 15 | 18–50 | 2 weeks | Urine | NMR |
Cheese vs. control: creatine↓; creatinine↓; prolinebetaine↑; choline↓; TMAO↓; tyrosine↑ Milk vs. control: citrate↑; prolinebetaine↓; TMAO↓; hippurate↓; urea↑ Cheese vs. milk: citrate↓; creatine↓; creatinine↓; prolinebetaine↑; tyrosine↑; hippurate↑ |
||
| Zheng et al. [106] | Cheese, milk | C | Men (100%) | 15 | 18–50 | 2 weeks | Feces | NMR |
Cheese vs. control: propionate↑; butyrate↑; malonate↓; fecal lipid↑ Milk vs. control: propionate↑; acetate↑; glycerol↑; malonate↓; choline↓; fecal lipid↑ Cheese vs. milk: butyrate↑; malonate↑; glycerol↓ |
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| Yde et al. [107] | Whey, calcium caseinate | C | Men (100%) | 12 | 28 ± 2 | Postexercise 70–330 min | Plasma | NMR |
Whey: VLDL↑; LDL↓ Caseinate: VLDL↑; LDL↑ |
||
| Stanstrup et al. [108] | Whey isolate (WI), whey hydrolysate (WH), α-lactalbumin, caseinoglycomacropeptide | C | Obese, nondiabetic subjects | 11 | 44–74 | Postprandial 1–8 h | Plasma | LC-MS |
WH: methionine sulfoxide↑; cyclo(Pro-Thr)↑; cyclo(Phe-Val)↑; cyclo(Ile-Val)/cyclo(Leu-Val)↑; β-Asp-Leu↑; pGlu-Pro↑; Cyclo(Ala-Ile)↑; pGlu-Leu↑; pGlu-Val↑; N-phenylacetylmethionine↑; methionine↓; hydroxyphenyllactic acid↓; N-phenylacetylmethionine sulfoxide↑; glutamic acid↑ WI: threonine↓; indolelactic acid↑; γ-glutamyl-leucine↑; phenylalanine↑; γ-glutamyl-leucine↑; kynurenine↑ |
||
| Stanstrup et al. [109] | Whey isolate (WI), casein | C | Obese, nondiabetic subjects | 11 | 40–68 | Postprandial 1–8 h | Plasma | LC-MS |
WI: leucine/isoleucine↑; γ-glutamyl-leucine↑; tryptophan↑; isoleucine↑; paracetamol↓; threonine↑; γ-glutamyl-methionine↑; lysine↑; β-hydroxyisobutyric acid↑; methionine↑; γ-glutamyl-valine↑; paracetamol sulfate↓; kynurenine↑; paracetamol glucuronide↓; α-keto-3-methylvaleric acid↑; valine↑; citrulline↑; 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid↑; glutamic acid↑; propionylcarnitine↑; α-hydroxydecanoic acid↓; lauric acid↓; myristic acid↓; hydroxybutyric acid↑ Casein: methionine sulfoxide↑; N-phenylacetyl-methionine↑ |
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a epidemiologic study; b randomized study; c crossover study.