Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| ID | Author | Country | Year | Study design | Number and type of sites and population | Type of team |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Al-Qahtani et al. [40] | Saudi Arabia | 2013 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 ward nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 2 | Baxter et al. [41] | Canada | 2008 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 2/community/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 3 | Beitler et al. [42] | USA | 2011 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | Medical doctor |
| ICU nurse | ||||||
| Respiratory therapist | ||||||
| Patient transporter | ||||||
| 4 | Bellomo et al. [22] | Australia | 2004 | Before/after study without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 Nurse | ||||||
| 5 | Bristow et al. [43] | Australia | 2000 | Controlled before/after | 3/community/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 general medicine doctor | ||||||
| 1 nurse | ||||||
| 6 | Buist et al. [44] | Australia | 2002 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 2 doctors |
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 7 | Campello et al. [45] | Portugal | 2009 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/community/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 nurse | ||||||
| 8 | Chan et al. [13] | USA | 2008 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 2 ICU nurses |
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 9 | Dacey et al. [46] | USA | 2007 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/community/adult | 1 ICU or hospitalist doctor |
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 1 physician assistant | ||||||
| 10 | De Vita et al. [47] | USA | 2004 | Before/after study without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 anaesthetist | ||||||
| 2 physician | ||||||
| 2 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 ward nurse | ||||||
| 11 | Hayani et al. [48] | Canada | 2011 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 12 | Hillman et al. [5] | Australia | 2004 | Cluster RCT | 23/mixed/adult | ICU or ED doctor |
| ICU or ED nurse | ||||||
| 13 | Howell et al. [49] | USA | 2012 | Interrupted time series | 1/academic/adult | Ward doctor |
| 2 nurses | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 14 | Jones et al. [50] | Australia | 2005 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | ICU doctor |
| ICU nurse | ||||||
| 15 | Kenward et al. [51] | UK | 2004 | Before/after study without contemporaneous controls | 1/community/adult | NR |
| 16 | Konrad et al. [14] | Sweden | 2010 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 ward doctor | ||||||
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 ward nurse | ||||||
| 17 | Lim et al. [52] | South Korea | 2011 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 18 | Priestley et al. [12] | UK | 2004 | Step wedge cluster RCT | 1/community/adult | 2 nurses |
| 19 | Santamaria et al. [53] | Australia | 2010 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 general medicine doctor | ||||||
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 20 | Shah et al. [54] | USA | 2011 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 2/academic/adult | 1 ICU nurse 1 respiratory therapist |
| 21 | Simmes et al. [55] | The Netherlands | 2012 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/adult | 1 ICU physician |
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 22 | Brilli et al. [56] | USA | 2007 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/paediatric | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 23 | Hanson et al. [57] | USA | 2010 | Interrupted time series | 1/academic/paediatric | 1 PICU doctor |
| 1 nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 24 | Anwar ul Haque et al. [58] | Pakistan | 2010 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/paediatric | 1 ICU doctor |
| 25 | Hunt et al. [59] | USA | 2008 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/paediatric | 3 PICU doctors |
| 1 PICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 PICU respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 26 | Kotsakis et al. [60] | Canada | 2011 | Prospective before/after without contemporaneous controls | 4/academic/paediatric | 1 doctor (PICU daytime ICU night-time) |
| 1 PICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 27 | Sharek et al. [61] | USA | 2007 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/paediatric | 1 PICU doctor |
| 1 PICU or cardiac nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist | ||||||
| 28 | Tibbals and Kinney [23] | Australia | 2009 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/paediatric | 1 ICU doctor |
| 1 ED doctor | ||||||
| 1 general medicine doctor | ||||||
| 1 ICU nurse | ||||||
| 29 | Zenker et al. [62] | USA | 2007 | Before/after without contemporaneous controls | 1/academic/paediatric | 1 doctor |
| 1 PICU nurse | ||||||
| 1 respiratory therapist |
ED emergency department, NR not reported, PICU paediatric intensive care unit, RCT randomized controlled trial