Table 2.
Characteristics of rapid response system implementation and interventions
| ID | Author | Calls per 1000 admissions | DNAR (%) | Control period/implementation period/intervention period (months) | ICU disposition (%) | Types of interventions (%) | Study definition of cardiac arrest and mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Al-Qahtani et al. [40] | 18.2 | 9.3 | 24/0/36 | 40.2 | Intubation 4 | Non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrests, hospital mortality, including patients with DNAR designation |
| NIV 8 | |||||||
| IV fluids 48 | |||||||
| Diuretics 13 | |||||||
| Vasoactive infusions 5 | |||||||
| 2 | Baxter et al. [41] | 40.3 | 8 | 24/12/12 | 27 | Intubation 5 | All cases of arrest Hospital-wide deaths, patients with DNAR designation included |
| NIV 6 | |||||||
| IV fluids 32 | |||||||
| Diuretics 10 | |||||||
| Vasopressors 8 | |||||||
| 3 | Beitler et al. [42] | 10.8 | 11.2 | 36/0/36 | 43.4 | NR | Non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included |
| 4 | Bellomo et al. [22] | 4.7 | 10 | 4/14/4 | 18.2 | Intubation 3 | All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included |
| NIV 9 | |||||||
| IV fluids 18 | |||||||
| Diuretics 11 | |||||||
| Vasopressors 5 | |||||||
| 5 | Bristow et al. [43] | NR | NR | NR/NR/6 | NR | NR | All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included |
| 6 | Buist et al. [44] | 6.7 | 10.5 | 12/24/12 | 10.5 | NR | All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included |
| 7 | Campello et al. [45] | 7.8 | NR | 12/0/48 | NR | NR | All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included |
| 8 | Chan et al. [13] | 15.1 | 2.1 | 20/4/20 | 41.2 | Intubation 7 | Hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrest and mortality with DNAR designation included |
| NIV 11 | |||||||
| IV fluids 16 | |||||||
| Diuretics 7 | |||||||
| Vasopressors 1 | |||||||
| 9 | Dacey et al. [46] | 20.1 | 10 | 4/1/12 | 24 | Intubation 11 | All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| NIV 10 | |||||||
| IV fluids 32 | |||||||
| 10 | De Vita et al. [47] | 25.8 | NR | 60/0/20 | NR | Hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrest mortality not reported | |
| 11 | Hayani et al. [48] | NR | NR | 60/0/36 | NR | NR | Mortality at 100 days after transplant |
| 12 | Hillman et al. [5] | 8.7 | 8 | 2/4/6 | 30 | NR | Non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrest Cardiac arrest and non-ICU mortality with DNAR designation excluded |
| 13 | Howell et al. [49] | 53 | NR | 22/6/31 | 20 | NR | Hospital mortality with DNAR designation excluded |
| 14 | Jones et al. [50] | 25.2 | NR | 12/14/50 | NR | NR | All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| 15 | Kenward et al. [51] | 53 | 25 | 12/0/12 | 20 | Intubation 23 | All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| IV fluids 25 | |||||||
| 16 | Konrad et al. [14] | 2.5 | 26 | 60/3/24 | 27 | NR | All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality DNAR designation included |
| 17 | Lim et al. [52] | NR | NR | 6/6/6 | NR | NR | All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality including DNAR designation |
| 18 | Priestley et al. [12] | NR | NR | 0/0/8 | NR | NR | Cardiac arrest NR; hospital mortality including DNAR designation |
| 19 | Santamaria et al. [53] | 8.7 | NR | 30/3/18 | NR | NR | All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality including DNAR designation included |
| 20 | Shah et al. [54] | 26.7 | 7 | 9/6/27 | 50 | NR | All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| 21 | Simmes et al. [55] | 56 | NR | 12/3/25 | 53 | NR | All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation excluded |
| 23 | Hanson et al. [57] | NR | NR | 24/10/12 | 57 | NR | Non-ICU cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| 24 | Anwar ul Haque et al. [58] | 21 | NR | 10/0/9 | 39 | Intubation 18 | All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| 25 | Hunt et al. [59] | 11.9 | NR | 12/0/12 | NR | NR | Non-ICU cardiac arrest, hospital mortality NR |
| 26 | Kotsakis et al. [60] | 44.2 | NR | 24/9/24 | 30 | NR | All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| 27 | Sharek et al. [61] | 19.7 | 0.7 | 54/2/19 | 57 | Intubation 0.7 | Non-ICU cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| IV fluids 16 | |||||||
| Vasopressors 4 | |||||||
| 28 | Tibballs and Kinney [23] | 5.1 | NR | 41/3/48 | 47 | Intubation 8 | All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| NIV 7 | |||||||
| IV fluids 23 | |||||||
| Vasopressors 4 | |||||||
| 29 | Zenker et al. [62] | 12.8 | NR | 23/0/12 | 36 | Intubation 7 | All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included |
| NIV 6 | |||||||
| IV fluids | |||||||
| Vasopressors 2 |
IV intravenous fluids, DNAR do not attempt resuscitation, NIV non-invasive ventilation, NR not reported