Table 1. Socio-demographics and substance use characteristics.

	Depression	Substance use disorder	Severe mental illness	χ2/p * (Effect size)
Characteristics	(n = 102)	(n = 106)	(n = 92)
Age, mean (SD)	43.8 (9.2)	41.2 (9.4)	50.5 (8.7)	.000 b c (.155) e
Gender, n (%)
Male	34 (33.3)	80 (75.5)	46 (50.0)
Female	68 (66.7)	26 (24.5)	46 (50.0	000 a b c (.354) d
Ethnicity, n (%)
Western	57 (55.9)	79 (74.5)	62 (67.4)
Non-Western	45 (44.1)	27 (25.5)	30 (32.6)	017 a (.165) d
Primary / secondary education only, n (%)	41 (40.2)	57 (53.8)	66 (71.7)	.000 a b c (.255) d
Living alone, n (%)	38 (37.3)	59 (55.7)	71 (77.2)	.000 a b c (.323) d
Employed, n (%)	38 (37.3)	32 (30.2)	15 (16.3)	.013 b c (.190) d
Co-morbid substance use disorder, n (%)	6 (5.9)	-	23 (25.0)	.000 a (.266) d
Duration of treatment in years, mean (SD)	1.5 (2.3)	0.8 (1.6)	12.4 (5.5)	.000 b c
Items BPRS-E, mean (SD)
Hostility	2.9 (1.6)	2.1 (1.1)	1.5 (0.9)	.000 a b c (.195)
Unusual thought content	1.2 (0.5)	1.0 (0.2)	1.9 (1.5)	.000 b c (.143)
Blunted affect	1.2 (0.7)	1.4 (0.7)	1.5 (0.9)	.002 b (.028)
Tension	1.1 (0.2)	1.2 (0.5)	1.5 (1.0)	.000 b c (.060)
Excitement	1.1 (0.3)	1.3 (0.6)	1.3 (0.6)	.002 a b (.042)
Distractibility	1.1 (0.3)	1.1 (0.4)	1.3 (0.6)	.003 b c (.038)
Motor hyperactivity	1.1 (0.3)	1.6 (1.0)	1.4 (0.9)	.000 a b (.087)

* p is a result of ANOVA for BPRS items and χ² test for categorical variables for differences between Depression, SUD & SMI.

^a Statistical analysis indicates a significant difference between the depression and the SUD group (asymptotic (2-sided) < 0.05).

^b Statistical analysis indicates a significant difference between the depression and the SMI group (asymptotic (2-sided) < 0.05).

^c Statistical analysis indicates a significant difference between the SUD and the SMI group (asymptotic (2-sided) < 0.05).

^d Cramer’s V

^e Eta squared (η²)