Scheme 1.
Preparation of DNA–Gd@stars. (a) Cy3-labeled 24-mer poly-dT oligonucleotide is modified via the covalent attachment of Gd(III) to each of five azide-bearing dT bases per strand. (b) Functionalized oligonucleotides are deprotected, revealing the 3′ thiol, and are conjugated to nanostars through a series of increases in salt concentration called salt aging.1