Table 3. Set-shifting and central coherence outcomes: Means (SD) or medians (IQR), p-values and effect sizes.
| Set-shifting outcomes: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | ||||
| AN (n = 41) Mean (SD)/ Median (IQR) | HC (n = 43) Mean (SD) Median (IQR) | P value | Effect size (Cohen’s d) | |
| General performance measures | ||||
| Number of trials administered | 95.7 (20.2) | 91.5 (17.1) | .28 | 0.23 |
| Total correct responses | 69.8 (11.1) | 72.4 (9.5) | .62 | 0.00 |
| Total response errors | 26.2 (22.5) | 18.3 (9.9) | - | |
| Total response errors % | 18.0 (14.0–29.0) | 18.5 (15.0–23.0) | ||
| Total response errors% (transformed) | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.3) | .25 | 0.25 |
| Total categories completed | 5.4 (1.4) | 5.9 (0.3) | < .05(*) | 0.51 |
| Perseveration measures | ||||
| Perseverative responses | 14.4 (15.1) | 8.6 (4.6) | - | |
| Perseverative responses % | 10.0 (8.0–15.5) | 8.5 (7.0–10.3) | ||
| Perseverative errors | 13.1 (12.4) | 8.1 (3.9) | - | |
| Perseverative errors % | 10.0 (8.0–13.0) | 8.0 (6.75–9.25) | ||
| Perseverative errors% (transformed) | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.3) | < .01(**) | 0.49 |
| Non-perseverative errors | 13.2 (12.9) | 10.2 (6.6) | ||
| Non-perseverative errors % | 9.0 (6.5–9.0) | 10.0 (7.0–13.0) | ||
| Non-perseverative errors% (transformed) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.5) | .81 | 0.00 |
| Conceptual ability measures | ||||
| Trials to complete first category | 16.8 (20.1) | 12.5 (3.2) | .43 | 0.31 |
| Conceptual level responses | 63.3 (15.0) | 68.7 (8.6) | .28 | 0.45 |
| Conceptual level responses % | 69.4 (20.5) | 76.9 (8.9) | - | |
| Response Consistency measures | ||||
| Failure to maintain set | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | - | |
| Failure to maintain set (transformed) | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.3) | .98 | |
| Learning to learn | -1.26 (−2.7- −1.3) | -1.0 (−2.9- −1.0) | .26 | |
| Central Coherence outcomes: Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Test & Fragmented Pictures Task | ||||
| AN (n = 41) | HC (n = 43) | Test statistic | Effect size (Cohen d-s) | |
| FPT (Mean frame) | 4.6 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.6) | .09 | 0.38 |
| ROCFT Order Index | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.6) | .10 | 0.36 |
| ROCFT Style Index | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.4) | < .01(**) | 0.62 |
| ROCFT Central Coherence Index | 1.0 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | < .01(**) | 0.57 |
Footnotes:
* Significant at 0.05
**0.01
***0.001
IQR = Interquartile ranges; FPT = Fragmented Pictures Task; ROCFT = Rey Osterrieth Complex Figures Test.