Table 4. Association of prior mood episodes and diagnoses with hazard to develop subsequent manic/hypomanic episodes in high-risk offspring.
| Lifetime mania/hypomania (n=36) |
No mania / hypomania (n=355) |
Hazard Ratio† | 95% Confidence Interval | χ2 | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % onset prior to manic / hypomanic episode | % lifetime at last assessment | % lifetime at last assessment | |||||
| Any mood episode | 77.8% | 100% | 43.1% | 3.56 | (1.62, 7.81) | 10.02 | .002 |
| Any depressive episode | 69.4% | 91.7% | 41.7% | 2.49 | (1.23, 5.07) | 6.37 | 0.01 |
| Major depressive episode | 55.6% | 80.6% | 27.0% | 2.58 | (1.34, 4.98) | 7.96 | 0.005 |
| Subthreshold (hypo)manic episode | 36.1% | * | 11.0% | 3.76 | (1.90, 7.44) | 14.47 | 0.0001 |
| Any non-mood disorder | 80.6% | 97.2% | 64.2% | 2.30 | (1.01, 5.26) | 3.92 | 0.05 |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | 41.7% | 44.4% | 28.7% | 2.04 | (1.05, 3.98) | 4.42 | 0.04 |
| Disruptive behavior disorder | 47.2% | 61.1% | 23.9% | 2.88 | (1.49, 5.59) | 9.84 | 0.002 |
| Anxiety disorder | 52.8% | 72.2% | 36.6% | 1.86 | (0.97, 3.59) | 3.47 | 0.06 |
| Substance use disorder | 5.6% | 44.4% | 17.5% | 0.20 | (0.05, 0.83) | 4.90 | 0.03 |
†
Cox regression models controlling for within family correlation
*
Subthreshold (hypo)manic episodes not systematically assessed after onset of mania/hypomania.