Table 3.
Physical health, fitness, psychological function, and HRQL by group at baseline and week 8 of RCT.
| Variable (mean SD) | Yoga (N=25)^ | Waitlist (N=28)∞ | Week 8 Difference (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 8 | p-value† | Week 0 | Week 8 | p-value† | Unadjusted | Model 1≠ | Model 2† | |
| SF-36 Physical Component | 36.3 ± 10.4 | 43.4 ± 9.0 | .002 | 33.9 ± 10.5 | 35.3 ± 11.0 | .345 | 8.1 (2.5, 13.7) | 6.5 (2.0, 10.7) | 6.5 (1.9, 11.0) |
| Fitness | |||||||||
| Sit and Reach (cm) | −2.8 ± 5.2 | 0.1 ± 5.1 | .000 | −5.6 ± 6.2 | −4.2 ± 6.2 | .260 | 4.5 (1.0, 8.1) | 2.7 (−0.1, 5.5) | 3.0 (0.2, 5.9) |
| One Leg Stance* (s) | 25.6 ± 9.5 | 26.4 ± 9.1 | .464 | 19.8 ± 10.2 | 20.5 ± 10.6 | .656 | 5.8 (−0.5, 12.2) | 2.0 (−2.4, 6.4) | 1.9 (−2.6, 6.4) |
| Grip strength (kg) | 25.5 ± 8.0 | 25.8 ± 8.2 | .815 | 24.3 ± 9.4 | 24.5 ± 10.1 | .643 | 1.2 (−4.7, 7.1) | −0.1 (−2.5, 2.3) | −0.2 (−2.7, 2.4) |
| 6-min walk (m) | 1450 ± 248 | 1588 ± 243 | .000 | 1508 ± 337 | 1494 ± 302 | .782 | 94 (−58, 247) | 125 (15, 235) | 101 (−14, 217) |
| Psychological Function** | |||||||||
| SF-36 Mental Component | 51.1 ± 13.0 | 55.4 ± 8.1 | .074 | 52.4 ± 9.7 | 51.6 ± 12.1 | .592 | 3.8 (−1.9, 9.4) | 4.1 (−0.4, 8.7) | 3.0 (−1.7, 7.7) |
| CES-D | 6.7 ± 5.5 | 3.7 ± 3.0 | .003 | 8.4 ± 6.4 | 7.8 ± 6.0 | .176 | −3.8 (−6.5, −1.1) | −3.0 (−4.8, −1.3) | −2.6 (−4.4, −0.7) |
| PANAS | |||||||||
| - Positive affect* | 20.6 ± 8.3 | 27.1 ± 5.8 | .001 | 25.4 ± 5.8 | 24.6 ± 8.3 | .549 | 2.2 (−1.9, 6.3) | 5.2 (1.4, 8.9) | 5.3 (1.4, 9.2) |
| - Negative affect | 7.2 ± 6.5 | 5.5 ± 6.1 | .190 | 5.7 ± 5.2 | 6.6 ± 5.8 | .318 | −0.5 (−4.0, 2.9) | −2.0 (−4.7, 0.7) | −1.0 (−3.7, 1.8) |
| Perceived Stress Scale | 15.5 ± 5.0 | 13.1 ± 5.6 | .131 | 14.6 ± 21.0 | 15.0 ± 21.0 | .612 | −1.6 (−4.9, 1.7) | −2.4 (−5.4, 0.6) | −2.2 (−5.3, 1.0) |
| Arthritis Self Efficacy Scale | 59.4 ± 8.9 | 64.8 ± 13.1 | .046 | 55.5 ± 15.8 | 58.8 ± 16.4 | .287 | 5.5 (−4.5, 15.4) | 3.2 (−5.5, 12.0) | 4.3 (−4.4, 13.1) |
| SF36 | |||||||||
| Physical function | 59.0 ± 19.4 | 68.8 ± 22.9 | .024 | 53.4 ± 24.7 | 55.0 ± 29.3 | .573 | 13.8 (−0.8, 28.4) | 8.8 (−1.1, 18.7) | 8.4 (−2.0, 18.8) |
| Role-Physical | 36.0 ± 36.9 | 78.0 ± 34.9 | .000 | 41.1 ± 38.0 | 45.5 ± 41.4 | .485 | 32.5 (11.2, 53.7) | 34.9 (15.7, 54.0) | 34.6 (14.2, 54,9) |
| Bodily pain | 52.2 ± 18.9 | 63.1 ± 20.6 | .015 | 49.3 ± 17.8 | 50.0 ± 21.1 | .790 | 13.1 (2.5, 23.7) | 11.4 (2.6, 20.2) | 9.6 (0.5, 18.7) |
| General health | 61.3 ± 20.6 | 68.9 ± 17.3 | .012 | 52.6 ± 24.4 | 55.0 ± 22.7 | .394 | 13.8 (2.8, 24.9) | 7.7 (0.5, 15.0) | 6.5 (−1.5, 14.4) |
| Vitality | 49.8 ± 21.2 | 63.4 ± 19.3 | .002 | 50.9 ± 20.3 | 52.7 ± 18.9 | .554 | 10.7 (0.2, 21.3) | 11.3 (2.9, 19.8) | 9.2 (0.4, 17.9) |
| Social function | 72.0 ± 24.5 | 83.0 ± 21.0 | .052 | 68.3 ± 26.0 | 72.3 ± 30.1 | .142 | 10.7 (−3.8, 25.2) | 8.1 (−2.8, 19.1) | 8.3 (−3.3, 20.0) |
| Role emotional | 73.3 ± 40.8 | 89.3 ± 26.7 | .110 | 71.4 ± 41.3 | 72.6 ± 40.6 | .861 | 16.7 (−2.1, 35.5) | 16.1 (−1.8, 33.9) | 12.3 (−6.3, 30.9) |
| Mental health | 72.8 ± 17.6 | 81.9 ± 13.1 | .013 | 77.9 ± 17.1 | 74.6 ± 21.1 | .140 | 7.3 (−2.5, 17.0) | 10.8 (3.4, 18.3) | 8.9 (1.4, 16.3) |
≠
Model 1 adjusted for baseline value.
†
Model 2 adjusted for baseline value and age.
Values significantly different (p<.05) from baseline in unadjusted and adjusted models are shown in boldface type.
^
N=19 and
∞
N=24 for hand grip, sit and reach, one leg stance, perceived stress and arthritis self efficacy outcomes.
*
Week 0 scores significantly different (p < .05) between groups at baseline.
†
p-value within groups from baseline.
**
Psychosocial instruments names: Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS).