Fig. 8.

Landscape of objective function $\mathcal{J}$ of reduced Holzapfel–Ogden law over parameter space. The actual parameters ($\mathit{\alpha }=4$ kPa, ${\mathit{\alpha }}_f=10$ kPa) used in the simulation are shown by a yellow cross and estimated parameters by a red star. Figures on the right show “zoom-in” near the estimated values, where a denser grid of parameters was used. 12 $\times$ 14 and 11 $\times$ 12 simulations were performed for the initial and refined parameter sweeps, respectively, with an average computational time of 56.705 s