Table 1.

Toxicological studies using daphnia system in response to potential environmental stressors including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), heavy metals, organic compounds, pharmaceutical drugs, and nanoparticles.

Chemicals	Species	Chemical Exposure	Effect	Reference
EDCs	Daphnia magna	Nonylphenol at 0.024 mg/L for 48 h	Abnormal proportion of juveniles	[119]
	Daphnia magna	Juvenile hormone at 330 ng/L for 21 days	Production of male offspring	[121]
	Ceriodaphnia dubia	Styrene at 0.04–1.7 μg/L for 7 days	Mortality and reduced fertility	[120]
	Daphnia magna	Bisphenol A at 6.67 and 10 mg/L for 21 days	Reduced offspring production	[42]
Heavy metals	Daphnia magna	Cadmium at 6, 20, and 37 μg/L for 24 h	Reduced survival and somatic growth	[39]
	Daphnia magna	Cadmium chloride at 71 μg/L for 24 h	Increased mortality, reduced survival, depleted glutathione level, and induced oxidative stress	[75]
	Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia carinata	Copper, lead, zinc (at 1.3, 1.1, 13.0 mg/L, respectively) for 48 h or 7 days	Increased mortality and reduced reproduction ability	[123]
Organic compounds	Daphnia pulex	Organic selenium at 0.025 mg/L for 48 h	Death, immobility, and molting delay	[122]
	Daphnia magna	Propiconazole (pesticide) at 1 μg/L for 4 and 8 days	Impaired adult growth, decreased offspring development, impaired oocyte maturation, and interrupted resulting reproduction	[41]
	Daphnia magna	Fenvalerate (insecticide) at 0.6 μg/L for 24 h	Increased mortality, reduced survival, increased arginine phosphate level, and disrupted amino sugar metabolism	[75]
	Daphnia magna	Uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation 2,4-dinitrophenol at 1.5 mg/L for 24 h	Increased mortality, reduced survival, and increased arginine phosphate level	[75]
	Daphnia magna	Alkylpolyglucosides (GCP 650, GCP 600, GCP 215) at IC50 (29, 14, 111 mg/L, respectively) for 24 h	Increased immobility	[124]
Drugs	Daphnia magna	Ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID) at 20, 40, 80 mg/L for 8 days	Reduced fecundity and arrested early embryogenesis	[104]
	Daphnia magna	Beta-blocker anti-hypertension drug propanolol at 1.4 mg/L for 24 h	Increased mortality, reduced survival, and disrupted fatty acid metabolism and eicosanoid biosynthesis	[75]
	Daphnia magna	Mefenamicacid at EC50 (17.16 mg/L) for 48 h and 1 mg/L for 21 days	Increased immobility and reduced offspring production	[125]
Nanoparticles	Daphnia magna	Silver nanoparticles with surface coating at LC50 (0.88 μg/L) for 48 h	Increased mortality and reduced survival	[126]
	Daphnia magna	Polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles at LC50 (0.18 mg/L) for 24 h	Increased mortality, reduced survival, disrupted proteolysis and cell cycle	[44]
	Daphnia magna	Coated silver nanoparticles (Ag-GAs, Ag-PEGs, and Ag-PVPs) at LC50 (3.41, 3.16, 14.81 μg/L, respectively) for 48 h	Increased mortality	[127]
	Daphnia magna	Collargol (protein-coated nano Ag) and AgNO3 nanoparticles at EC50 (20–27 ppb) for 48 h	Increased immobility	[128]
	Daphnia magna	Ag and CuO nanoparticles at EC50 (3.8 and 2.6 mg/L, respectively) for 24 h	Increased immobility	[129]
	Daphnia magna	Titanium dioxide nanoparticles at 0.01–10 mg/L for 48 h	Reduced survival offspring production, and digestion ability	[130]
	Daphnia magna	Nano and bulk titanium dioxide at 20 g/L for 48 h	Undetectable toxicity	[131]
	Daphnia magna	Bulk CuO, nano CuO and CuSO4 at L(E)C50 (165, 3.2, 0.17 mg/L, respectively) for 48 h	Increased immobility	[131]
	Daphnia magna	Bulk ZnO, nano ZnO and ZnSO4·7H2O at L(E)C50 (1.8, 1.9, 1.1 mg/L, respectively) for 48 h	Increased immobility	[131]