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. 2015 Jun 2;16(6):12424–12435. doi: 10.3390/ijms160612424

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) The influence of PCAE on apoptosis/necrosis in Ishikawa cells; (B) Total apoptosis in Ishikawa cells following incubation with PCAE for 4 h. (* p < 0.05 vs. PCAE 0 mg/mL control group). Influence of PCAE on cell cycle progression/distribution in Ishikawa cells: (C) cell cycle analysis of Ishikawa cells after being cultured with PCAE for 24 h; and (D) PCAE induced an increase in sub G₁ (%). Cells underwent dual staining using propidium iodide to analyze DNA content, which was then quantified using flow cytometry. The * symbol in each group of bars indicates that the number of sub G₁ cells in the PCAE treatment group was significantly greater than that of the control at a significance level of p < 0.05.