Table 2.
Overall, Thyroid Cancer–Specific, Other Cancer–Specific, and Noncancer-Specific Survival Among Adolescents and Young Adults 15–39 Years of Age When Diagnosed with Thyroid Cancer, California, 1988–2010
| Overall survival | Thyroid cancer–specific survival | Other cancer–specific survival | Noncancer-specific survival | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic andclinical characteristics | No. deaths (N=359) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (N=60) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (N=77) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (N=222) | HR (95% CI) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 135 | 2.68 (2.14–3.34) | 26 | 2.77 (1.62–4.72) | 13 | 0.82 (0.45–1.51) | 96 | 3.31 (2.52–4.36) |
| Female | 224 | Reference | 34 | Reference | 64 | Reference | 126 | Reference |
| Age at diagnosis | ||||||||
| 15–29 | 106 | Reference | 17 | Reference | 21 | Reference | 68 | Reference |
| 30–34 | 107 | 1.53 (1.16–2.01) | 15 | 1.27 (0.62–2.59) | 22 | 1.65 (0.89–3.05) | 70 | 1.77 (1.26–2.49) |
| 35–39 | 146 | 2.01 (1.54–2.62) | 28 | 2.50 (1.32–4.75) | 34 | 2.53 (1.43–4.48) | 84 | 2.18 (1.56–3.05) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 187 | Reference | 16 | Reference | 44 | Reference | 127 | Reference |
| African American | 19 | 1.35 (0.83–2.20) | 6 | 6.70 (2.46–18.23) | <5 | ∼ | 10 | 1.11 (0.57–2.16) |
| Hispanic | 110 | 1.14 (0.88–1.47) | 30 | 3.60 (1.87–6.92) | 14 | 0.56 (0.30–1.07) | 66 | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 41 | 1.02 (0.72–1.44) | 8 | 2.08 (0.86–5.07) | 16 | 1.58 (0.86–2.87) | 17 | 0.63 (0.38–1.06) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Marital status at diagnosis | ||||||||
| Married | 165 | Reference | 37 | Reference | 41 | Reference | 87 | Reference |
| Not married | 183 | 1.78 (1.43–2.23) | 19 | 0.76 (0.42–1.37) | 35 | 1.57 (0.98–2.53) | 129 | 2.37 (1.79–3.15) |
| Unknown | 11 | 1.77 (0.94–3.33) | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | 6 | 1.53 (0.65–3.59) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| Low (quintile 1–2) | 163 | 1.85 (1.48–2.31) | 27 | 1.25 (0.72–2.17) | 34 | 2.01 (1.24–3.26) | 102 | 1.89 (1.42–2.50) |
| High (quintile 3–5) | 196 | Reference | 33 | Reference | 43 | Reference | 120 | Reference |
| Urbanization level | ||||||||
| Metropolitan | 208 | Reference | 32 | Reference | 45 | Reference | 131 | Reference |
| Nonmetropolitan | 110 | 1.29 (1.01–1.64) | 23 | 2.17 (1.22–3.87) | 23 | 1.33 (0.78–2.27) | 64 | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) |
| Unknown | 41 | 1.27 (0.90–1.81) | 5 | 1.10 (0.40–3.05) | 9 | 1.50 (0.71–3.19) | 27 | 1.31 (0.85–2.02) |
| Histology | ||||||||
| Papillary | 320 | Reference | 45 | Reference | 73 | Reference | 202 | Reference |
| Follicular | 39 | 1.10 (0.77–1.56) | 15 | 4.60 (2.38–8.89) | <5 | ∼ | 20 | 1.01 (0.62–1.64) |
| Lymph node dissection | ||||||||
| No | 204 | Reference | 35 | Reference | 45 | Reference | 124 | Reference |
| Yes | 56 | 0.77 (0.54–1.08) | 14 | 0.57 (0.28–1.17) | 9 | 0.99 (0.43–2.28) | 33 | 0.90 (0.57–1.40) |
| Unknown | 99 | 1.24 (0.72–2.13) | 11 | 0.53 (0.17–1.71) | 23 | 0.85 (0.32–2.25) | 65 | 2.96 (1.30–6.72) |
| Subsequent cancer | ||||||||
| No | 284 | Reference | 55 | Reference | ± | 216 | Reference | |
| Yes | 75 | 4.68 (3.59–6.11) | 5 | 1.73 (0.67–4.49) | 6 | 0.44 (0.19–1.01) | ||
| Total thyroidectomy | ||||||||
| No | 106 | Reference | 9 | Reference | 27 | Reference | 70 | Reference |
| Yes | 250 | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) | 50 | 2.66 (1.23–5.75) | 49 | 0.78 (0.47–1.31) | 151 | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Radioactive iodine | ||||||||
| No | 194 | Reference | 29 | Reference | 41 | Reference | 124 | Reference |
| Yes | 165 | 0.67 (0.53–0.84) | 31 | 0.55 (0.31–0.96) | 36 | 0.71 (0.43–1.17) | 98 | 0.64 (0.48–0.85) |
| Hormone therapy | ||||||||
| No | 238 | Reference | 35 | Reference | 43 | Reference | 160 | Reference |
| Yes | 119 | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 24 | 1.16 (0.66–2.05) | 34 | 1.53 (0.96–2.45) | 61 | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Insurance status, limited to patients who were diagnosed after 2001 | ||||||||
| Private/military insurance | 38 | Reference | 6 | Reference | 9 | Reference | 23 | Reference |
| Public insurance/no insurance/unknown | 35 | 2.56 (1.39–4.71) | 6 | 1.61 (0.34–7.69) | <5 | ∼ | 25 | 2.56 (1.39–4.71) |
All Cox models were stratified by stage at diagnosis (localized, regional, metastasized, unknown), included the variables presented in the tables, and additionally adjusted for year at diagnosis (continuous), tumor size (<1.0 cm, >1.0 to ≤2.0 cm, <2.0 to ≤4.0 cm, >4.0 cm, unknown), extension (intrathyroidal, extrathyroidal, unknown), and block effect by block group.
“∼” Symbol indicates data not shown.
“±” Symbol indicates variable not included in model.