Table 3.
Overall and Thyroid Cancer–Specific Survival Among Adolescents and Young Adults 15–39 Years of Age When Diagnosed with Thyroid Cancer, by Sex, California, 1988–2010
| Males | Females | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall survival | Thyroid cancer–specific survival | Overall survival | Thyroid cancer–specific survival | |||||
| Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics | No. deaths (n=135) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (n=26) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (n=224) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (n=34) | HR (95% CI) |
| Age at diagnosis | ||||||||
| 15–29 | 38 | Reference | 7 | Reference | 68 | Reference | 10 | Reference |
| 30–34 | 42 | 1.74 (1.10–2.75) | 6 | 1.20 (0.35–4.11) | 65 | 1.40 (0.99–2.00) | 9 | 1.38 (0.54–3.53) |
| 35–39 | 55 | 2.37 (1.52–3.69) | 13 | 2.95 (1.08–8.03) | 91 | 1.87 (1.34–2.61) | 15 | 2.20 (0.93–5.23) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 76 | Reference | 7 | Reference | 111 | Reference | 9 | Reference |
| African American | 5 | 1.05 (0.42–2.65) | <5 | ∼ | 14 | 1.76 (0.99–3.15) | <5 | ∼ |
| Hispanic | 42 | 1.12 (0.74–1.68) | 13 | 4.63 (1.66–12.94) | 68 | 1.16 (0.84–1.62) | 17 | 3.86 (1.58–9.45) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 10 | 0.68 (0.35–1.34) | <5 | ∼ | 31 | 1.18 (0.78–1.78) | <5 | ∼ |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Marital status at diagnosis | ||||||||
| Married | 51 | Reference | 16 | Reference | 114 | Reference | 21 | Reference |
| Not married | 80 | 2.33 (1.61–3.39) | 9 | 0.88 (0.35–2.23) | 103 | 1.51 (1.14–2.00) | 10 | 0.72 (0.32–1.61) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | 7 | 1.59 (0.72–3.50) | <5 | ∼ |
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) | ||||||||
| Low (Quintile 1–2) | 67 | 2.60 (1.81–3.73) | 15 | 3.11 (1.28–7.56) | 96 | 1.48 (1.11–1.98) | 12 | 0.61 (0.28–1.32) |
| High (Quintile 3–5) | 68 | Reference | 11 | Reference | 128 | Reference | 22 | Reference |
| Urbanization level | ||||||||
| Metropolitan | 77 | Reference | 10 | Reference | 131 | Reference | 22 | Reference |
| Non-metropolitan | 45 | 1.41 (0.96–2.07) | 13 | 5.53 (2.07–14.78) | 65 | 1.24 (0.91–1.68) | 10 | 1.32 (0.59–2.94) |
| Unknown | 13 | 1.10 (0.59–2.05) | <5 | ∼ | 28 | 1.37 (0.89–2.11) | <5 | ∼ |
| Histology | ||||||||
| Papillary | 118 | Reference | 19 | Reference | 202 | Reference | 26 | Reference |
| Follicular | 17 | 1.40 (0.80–2.43) | 7 | 10.25 (3.13–33.62) | 22 | 0.92 (0.58–1.46) | 8 | 3.23 (1.33–7.82) |
| Lymph node dissection | ||||||||
| No | 74 | Reference | 14 | Reference | 130 | Reference | 21 | Reference |
| Yes | 29 | 0.72 (0.42–1.22) | 8 | 0.77 (0.23–2.53) | 27 | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 6 | 0.36 (0.13–1.01) |
| Unknown | 32 | 0.94 (0.39–2.26) | <5 | ∼ | 67 | 1.69 (0.83–3.43) | 7 | 1.12 (0.19–6.74) |
| Subsequent cancer | ||||||||
| No | 122 | Reference | 26 | Reference | 162 | Reference | 29 | Reference |
| Yes | 13 | 2.74 (1.49–5.03) | 0 | ∼ | 62 | 5.79 (4.26–7.86) | 5 | 2.72 (1.01–7.33) |
| Total thyroidectomy | ||||||||
| No | 34 | Reference | <5 | Reference | 72 | Reference | 6 | Reference |
| Yes | 100 | 1.32 (0.86–2.03) | 23 | 4.60 (1.17–18.05) | 150 | 0.96 (0.71–1.31) | 27 | 1.60 (0.60–4.23) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Radioactive iodine | ||||||||
| No | 69 | Reference | 15 | Reference | 125 | Reference | 14 | Reference |
| Yes | 66 | 0.60 (0.41–0.88) | 11 | 0.23 (0.09–0.57) | 99 | 0.72 (0.54–0.96) | 20 | 0.93 (0.43–2.02) |
| Hormone therapy | ||||||||
| No | 91 | Reference | 16 | Reference | 147 | Reference | 19 | Reference |
| Yes | 42 | 0.84 (0.57–1.24) | 9 | 1.30 (0.49–3.47) | 77 | 0.98 (0.74–1.31) | 15 | 1.25 (0.59–2.64) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | 0 | ∼ |
| Insurance status, limited to patients who were diagnosed from 2001–2010 | ||||||||
| Private/military insurance | 17 | Reference | <5 | Reference | 21 | Reference | <5 | Reference |
| Public insurance/no insurance/unknown | 15 | 1.59 (0.57–4.44) | <5 | ∼ | 20 | 2.71 (1.29–5.70) | <5 | ∼ |
All Cox models were stratified by stage at diagnosis (localized, regional, metastasized, unknown), included the variables presented in the tables, and additionally adjusted for year at diagnosis (continuous), tumor size (<1.0 cm, >1.0 to ≤2.0 cm, <2.0 to ≤4.0 cm, >4.0 cm, unknown), extension (intrathyroidal, extrathyroidal, unknown), and block effect by block group.
“∼” Symbol indicates data not shown.