Table 4.
Other Cancer–Specific and Noncancer-Specific Survival Among Adolescents and Young Adults 15–39 Years of Age When Diagnosed with Thyroid Cancer, by Sex, California, 1988–2010
| Malesa | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noncancer-specific survival | Other cancer–specific survival | Noncancer-specific survival | ||||
| Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics | No. deaths (n=96) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (n=64) | HR (95% CI) | No. deaths (n=126) | HR (95% CI) |
| Age at diagnosis | ||||||
| 15–29 | 27 | Reference | 17 | Reference | 41 | Reference |
| 30–34 | 34 | 2.18 (1.29–3.69) | 20 | 1.87 (0.96–3.66) | 36 | 1.53 (0.97–2.43) |
| 35–39 | 35 | 2.41 (1.41–4.11) | 27 | 2.44 (1.29–4.61) | 49 | 2.15 (1.39–3.31) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 59 | Reference | 34 | Reference | 68 | Reference |
| African-American | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | 7 | 1.43 (0.64–3.19) |
| Hispanic | 28 | 1.02 (0.63–1.66) | 13 | 0.66 (0.33–1.31) | 38 | 1.03 (0.67–1.58) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | <5 | ∼ | 14 | 1.77 (0.92–3.41) | 13 | 0.83 (0.45–1.52) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Marital status at diagnosis | ||||||
| Married | 29 | Reference | 35 | Reference | 58 | Reference |
| Not married | 64 | 3.32 (2.10–5.26) | 28 | 1.52 (0.90–2.57) | 65 | 1.91 (1.32–2.76) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | ||||||
| Low (quintile 1–2) | 47 | 2.40 (1.57–3.69) | 29 | 1.94 (1.14–3.29) | 55 | 1.61 (1.10–2.36) |
| High (quintile 3–5) | 49 | Reference | 35 | Reference | 71 | Reference |
| Urbanization level | ||||||
| Metropolitan | 59 | Reference | 37 | Reference | 72 | Reference |
| Nonmetropolitan | 28 | 0.99 (0.62–1.57) | 19 | 1.37 (0.76–2.45) | 36 | 1.12 (0.74–1.69) |
| Unknown | 9 | 0.96 (0.46–2.02) | 8 | 1.67 (0.75–3.75) | 18 | 1.58 (0.91–2.72) |
| Histology | ||||||
| Papillary | 86 | Reference | 60 | Reference | 116 | Reference |
| Follicular | 10 | 1.16 (0.57–2.36) | <5 | ∼ | 10 | 0.83 (0.43–1.62) |
| Lymph node dissection | ||||||
| No | 52 | Reference | 37 | Reference | 72 | Reference |
| Yes | 18 | 0.69 (0.36–1.32) | 6 | 0.86 (0.32–2.31) | 15 | 1.10 (0.58–2.08) |
| Unknown | 26 | 3.06 (0.77–12.14) | 21 | 1.04 (0.35–3.04) | 39 | 3.21 (1.15–8.99) |
| Subsequent cancer | ||||||
| No | 94 | Reference | ± | 122 | Reference | |
| Yes | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | ||
| Total thyroidectomy | ||||||
| No | 26 | Reference | 22 | Reference | 44 | Reference |
| Yes | 69 | 1.07 (0.65–1.77) | 41 | 0.86 (0.49–1.52) | 82 | 0.88 (0.59–1.32) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Radioactive iodine | ||||||
| No | 48 | Reference | 35 | Reference | 76 | Reference |
| Yes | 48 | 0.67 (0.43–1.04) | 29 | 0.72 (0.42–1.24) | 50 | 0.63 (0.42–0.93) |
| Hormone therapy | ||||||
| No | 67 | Reference | 35 | Reference | 93 | Reference |
| Yes | 28 | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | 29 | 1.63 (0.97–2.72) | 33 | 0.70 (0.46–1.05) |
| Unknown | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ | <5 | ∼ |
| Insurance status, limited to patients who were diagnosed from 2001–2010 | ||||||
| Private/military insurance | 12 | Reference | 6 | Reference | 25 | Reference |
| Public insurance/no insurance/unknown | 11 | 1.27 (0.37–4.38) | <5 | ∼ | 11 | 3.68 (1.45–9.36) |
All Cox models were stratified by stage at diagnosis (localized, regional, metastasized, unknown), included the variables presented in the tables, and additionally adjusted for year at diagnosis (continuous), tumor size (<1.0 cm, >1.0 to ≤2.0 cm, <2.0 to ≤4.0 cm, >4.0 cm, unknown), extension (intrathyroidal, extrathyroidal, unknown), and block effect by block group.
“∼” Symbol indicates data not shown. “±” Symbol indicates variable not included in model.
a
The few other cancer–specific causes of death among males (n=13) precluded conducting separate analyses.