Table 1.
Group Differences Between NF1 Patients and Healthy Controls on Cognitive/Executive Function and Social Questionnaires
| NF1 | Controls | p | p-corr | Partial η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEX | |||||
| Behavior | 1.830±0.923 | 0.666±0.946 | 0.0162 | na | na |
| Cognition | 1.628±0.772 | 0.622±0.738 | 0.005 | na | na |
| Emotion | 1.714±0.959 | 0.815±0.669 | 0.023 | na | na |
| Total | 34.9±16.1 | 15.0±14.0 | 0.002 | na | na |
| BRIEF | |||||
| Total | 158.15±31.14 | 96.78±21.75 | <0.001 | na | na |
| SRS | |||||
| Social awareness | 18.857±3.880 | 13.222±2.333 | 0.001 | 0.733 | 0.006 |
| Social cognition | 25.786±5.423 | 16.667±4.664 | <0.001 | 0.456 | 0.030 |
| Reciprocal social communication | 47.071±9.723 | 29.889±7.061 | <0.001 | 0.183 | 0.091 |
| Social motivation | 24.143±3.840 | 16.667±2.958 | <0.001 | 0.025 | 0.238 |
| Autistic mannerisms | 26.429±4.86 | 13.889±2.088 | <0.001 | 0.000 | 0.507 |
| Total | 142.286±23.695 | 90.333±16.651 | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.284 |
| SSRSa | |||||
| Cooperation | 9.857±5.934 | 16.444±3.087 | 0.002 | 0.628 | 0.013 |
| Assertion | 12.143±3.325 | 17.889±2.421 | <0.001 | 0.022 | 0.245 |
| Responsibility | 12.214±3.468 | 17.000±2.236 | 0.001 | 0.773 | 0.004 |
| Self-control | 9.429±4.586 | 16.111±3.140 | 0.001 | 0.845 | 0.002 |
| Total | 43.643±13.921 | 67.444±7.748 | <0.001 | 0.198 | 0.086 |
| CBCL | |||||
| Anxious/depressed | 4.286±3.124 | 2.778±2.108 | 0.218 | na | na |
| Withdrawn/depressed | 5.214±3.068 | 1.000±1.225 | <0.001 | na | na |
| Somatic complaints | 3.857±2.214 | 1.556±1.810 | 0.023b | na | na |
| Social problems | 8.857±4.786 | 1.000±1.118 | <0.001b | 0.050 | 0.187 |
| Thought problems | 5.214±4.264 | 0.778±1.093 | <0.001b | na | na |
| Attention problems | 10.643±4.050 | 2.444±4.126 | <0.001 | na | na |
| Rule-breaking behavior | 3.071±1.940 | 1.333±1.658 | 0.038 | na | na |
| Aggressive behavior | 9.643±6.271 | 3.111±5.947 | 0.016b | na | na |
As executive functions can impact on social skills, p-corr shows group differences, in social scales only, after correction for cognition/executive function (uncorrected for multiple comparisons).
a
Higher scores indicate better performance.
b
Mann–Whitney U-Test, otherwise t-test.
DEX, Dysexecutive Questionnaire; BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning; SRS, Social Responsiveness Scale; SSRS, Social Skills Rating System; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; uncorrected for multiple comparisons; NF1, neurofibromatosis type 1.