Involvement of ROS in inflammasome activation in A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded RAW264 cells. (A) RAW264 cells were pretreated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC; 10 mM), ROS inhibitor, for 2 h before invasion. Untreated RAW264 cells (thin histogram), NAC-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded cells (dot histogram) and A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded cells (thick histogram) were exposed to the mitochondrial probe; rhodamine 123 for 1 h. Fluorescent intensity was measured by flow cytometry. The upper panel shows the frequency histogram. The lower panel represents the mean values of rhodamine 123 fluorescence of RAW264.7 cells. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate (*P<0.05, Student's t-test). (B) Effect of NAC treatment on the expression of IL-1β protein in A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded RAW264 cells was measured by immunoblotting. (C) Effect of NAC treatment on the secretion of IL-1β in A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded RAW264 cells. The secretion of IL-1β was determined by ELISA. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate (*P<0.05, Student's t-test).