Table 1.
Electroclinical data of all 32 patients.
| Patient # | Gender/age (years) | Group | Irritative zone | Seizure onset zone | Seizure semiology | MRI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M/42 | A | Bifrontal R > L (Fp2-F10, Fp2-F4; Fp1-F7) | Bifrontal changes, no localizing features | Asymmetric tonic posturing, secondary generalization | Mild L Hc atrophy |
| 2 | M/24 | A | R anterior sylvian (F8-T4) | R FCT (Zy2-T4/T4-C4/P4-O2/T4-T6/F4-C4) | Epigastric aura, secondary generalization | Agenesia of CC, R schizencephaly, R F PMG, R NH |
| 3 | M/36 | A | L anterior sylvian (T3-Zy1, F9-T9) | L FT (F7-T3/Fp1-F3/Fp1-F9/F9-T9) | Hypermotor | Normal |
| 4 | F/26 | A | Bifrontal (Fp2-F10, Fp2-F4; Fp1-F3) | Bifrontal changes, no localizing features | Focal motor, secondary generalization | Normal |
| 5 | F/56 | A | L anterior sylvian (Zy1, F7, F9-T9, T3) | L hemispheric (Fp1-F9/F9-T9/T9-P9/P9-O1/T3-T5/F7-T3/T3-Zy1) | LOC, hand automatisms, secondary generalization | L MTS |
| 6 | F/23 | A | R posterior T (T10-P10) | R TPO (F8-T4/T4-T6/T10-P10/P10-O2) | Head turning, LOC | Normal |
| 7 | M/57 | A | L FT anterior sylvian (F9, F3-C3, T3-Zy1, F7-T3) | Muscle artifacts, no localizing features | Asymmetric tonic posturing | Porencephalic cyst L TO |
| 8 | F/29 | A | Bitemporal R > L (Zy2-T4, T4-T6; T3-T5) | 1) R FT (Fp2-F8/F8-T4/Zy2-T4); 2) L FT (Fp1-F7/F7-T3/T3-Zy1) | Hypertonic | Normal |
| 9 | F/42 | A | L CT (C3-P3-T5) | L CTP (C3-P3/P3-O1/T5-O1/T3-T5) | Asymmetric tonic posturing, secondary generalization | Normal |
| 10 | M/29 | A | L F (Fp1-F3) | Bifrontal changes, no localizing features | Hypertonic | L F deep gyrus FCD between F1 and F2 (partly resected in 2009) |
| 11 | M/26 | A | L PO (P5-O1) | L TPO (T3-T5/T5-O1/C3-P3/P9-O1/P3-O1) | Focal motor, secondary generalization | Normal |
| 12 | F/47 | A | Bitemporal L > R (F8-T4; F7-T3, F9-T9) | Bitemporal changes, no localizing features | Generalized tonic-clonic | Normal |
| 13 | M/53 | B | Bitemporal (T3-Zy1, F7-T3; F8-T4, T4-T6) | 1) R FCT (Zy2-T4/T4-C4/Fp2-F10/F2-F8/T4-T6/F8-T4); 2) L FT (Fp1-F7/F7-T3) | Head turning, oral automatisms | Bilateral MTS |
| 14 | F/27 | B | Bitemporal R > L (Zy2-T4, F10-T10, T4-T6; F9-T9) | 1) R T (Zy2-T4/F10-T10); 2) L T (F7-T3/F9-T9) | Epigastric aura, LOC | R MTS |
| 15 | M/53 | B | Bitemporal (T3-Zy1, F7-T3; Zy2-T4, F10-T10) | R FT (T10-P10/T4-C4 Zy2-T4/Fp2-F10/F10-T10/F8-T4) | LOC, dystonic posturing, head turning | R MTS |
| 16 | M/41 | B | Bitemporal (T4, T10; F7, F9-T9) | Muscle artifacts, no localizing features | LOC, hand automatisms | Bilateral P-O encephalomalacia |
| 17 | M/22 | B | L anterior T (T3, F7-T3, F9-T9) | L FCT (C3-T3/T3-Zy1/F7-T3/T3-T5/Fp1-F9/F9-T9) | LOC, hand automatisms, dystonic posture | Normal |
| 18 | M/57 | B | R anterior T (T4-Zy2, F8-T4, F10-T10) | R T (T4-Zy2/F8-T4/F10-T10) | Epigastric aura, hand automatisms, dystonic posture | R MTS |
| 19 | F/27 | B | L T-P (T3-T5, P3, P9) | L TPO (F7-T3/T3-T5/P3-O1) | Autonomic signs, LOC, visual hallucinations | L MTS |
| 20 | M/53 | B | Bitemporal L > R (T3-Zy1, T9-P9, F9-T9, F7-T3; Zy2-T4, F8-T4) | no seizures recorded | LOC, hand/oral automatisms | Normal |
| 21 | M/40 | C | R CP (C4-P4) | R FCP (F4-C4/C4-P4) | Hemiclonic, secondary generalization | Suspected for R F FCD |
| 22 | M/66 | C | L anterior sylvian (T3, T3-Zy1, F7-T3, F9-T9) | L T (T3-Zg1/F7-T3) | Oral automatisms, head deviation | L Hc atrophy |
| 23 | F/40 | C | L anterior sylvian (F7-T3, T3-T5) | no seizures recorded | Eye deviation, secondary generalization | Normal |
| 24 | F/55 | C | Bitemporal (T3-T5; Zy2-T4, T4-T6, F8-T4) | 1) R TPO (Zy2-T4/T4-C4/T6-O2/T10-P10); 2) L TPO (F7-T3/T9-P9/P9-O1) | Oral automatisms, hypertonic posture | Previous L SeAH (1994), no other changes |
| 25 | F/34 | C | Bitemporal R > L (Zy2-T4, F8-T4, T4-T6; T9-P9, F9-T9) | 1) L FT (Fp1-F7/F7-T3/T3-T5/T5-O1/Fp1-F9/T9-P9); 2) RT (F8-T4/T4-T6) | LOC, oral automatisms, head deviation | L Hc atrophy |
| 26 | F/43 | C | L anterior sylvian (Zy1, F7, T3) | Muscle artifacts, no localizing features | Sensory aura, oral automatisms, secondary generalization | L Hc atrophy |
| 27 | M/22 | C | L F (F3, Fp1) | L FCP (F3-C3/C3-P3) | LOC, fencing posture | Normal |
| 28 | F/23 | D | No spike | Muscle artifacts, no localizing features | Epigastric aura, LOC | Previous R SeAH, L Hc atrophy |
| 29 | M/35 | D | No spike | Muscle artifacts, no localizing features | Epigastric aura, LOC, oral/hand automatisms | R T and inferior F malacia and R MTS |
| 30 | F/68 | D | No spike | no seizures recorded | Olfactory aura, oral automatisms | Normal |
| 31 | M/50 | D | No spike | Muscle artifacts, no localizing features | Hypermotor | Normal |
| 32 | M/36 | D | No spike | Bifrontal changes, no localizing features | Hypermotor | Normal |
C, central; CC, corpus callosum; F, frontal; FCD, focal cortical dysplasia; Hc, hippocampus; L, left; LOC, loss of consciousness; MTS, mesial temporal sclerosis; NH, nodular heterotopia; O, occipital; P, parietal; PMG, polymicrogyria; R, right; SeAH, selective amygdalohippocampectomy; T, temporal.