Table 4.
Odds ratios (OR) for high versus low levelse for the top five circulating inflammatory markers in three case-control studies nested within the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial among never smokers, individuals without diabetes, normal BMI (18.5–25 kg/m2)
| Inflammatory marker |
Subgroup | Non- drinkers |
Moderate Coffee Drinkers (<2.5 cups/day) |
Heavy Coffee Drinkers (≥2.5 cups/day) |
P-trend | P-heterogeneityf | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
| IFNγa | Overallb | 1.00 | 0.69 | (0.33,1.43) | 0.35 | (0.16,0.75) | 0.0003 | --- |
| Never smokersc | 1.00 | 0.63 | (0.35,1.61) | 0.19 | (0.06,0.58) | 0.0005 | 0.0434 | |
| Diabetes-freed | 1.00 | 0.76 | (0.36,1.60) | 0.38 | (0.17,0.84) | 0.0006 | 0.7554 | |
| Normal BMIe | 1.00 | 1.06 | (0.32,3.47) | 0.72 | (0.20,2.54) | 0.3019 | 0.4411 | |
| CX3CL1/ fractalkinea | Overallb | 1.00 | 0.46 | (0.19,1.10) | 0.25 | (0.10,0.64) | 0.0032 | --- |
| Never smokersc | 1.00 | 0.39 | (0.13,1.19) | 0.18 | (0.04,0.71) | 0.0443 | 0.0145 | |
| Diabetes-freed | 1.00 | 0.42 | (0.17,1.06) | 0.24 | (0.09,0.65) | 0.0073 | 0.9845 | |
| Normal BMIe | 1.00 | 2.08 | (0.43,10.16) | 1.13 | (0.20,6.32) | 0.3304 | 0.1140 | |
| CCL4/MIP-1β | Overallb | 1.00 | 0.85 | (0.44,1.65) | 0.48 | (0.24,0.99) | 0.0050 | --- |
| Never smokersc | 1.00 | 0.65 | (0.27,1.56) | 0.22 | (0.08,0.67) | 0.0033 | 0.0638 | |
| Diabetes-freed | 1.00 | 0.94 | (0.48,1.85) | 0.49 | (0.24,1.02) | 0.0034 | 0.9578 | |
| Normal BMIe | 1.00 | 1.05 | (0.35,3.11) | 0.48 | (0.14,1.61) | 0.0372 | 0.7972 | |
| FGF-2a | Overall b | 1.00 | 1.21 | (0.57,2.57) | 0.62 | (0.28,1.38) | 0.0080 | |
| Never smokersc | 1.00 | 0.83 | (0.34,2.03) | 0.32 | (0.10,1.03) | 0.0291 | 0.3399 | |
| Diabetes-freed | 1.00 | 1.14 | (0.53,2.48) | 0.54 | (0.23,1.24) | 0.0036 | 0.3721 | |
| Normal BMIe | 1.00 | 2.50 | (0.56,11.14) | 2.48 | (0.54,11.35) | 0.6746 | 0.3963 | |
| sTNFRII | Overallb | 1.00 | 0.52 | (0.24,1.14) | 0.34 | (0.15,0.79) | 0.0112 | --- |
| Never smokersc | 1.00 | 0.38 | (0.15,0.97) | 0.25 | (0.09,0.73) | 0.0418 | 0.9181 | |
| Diabetes-freed | 1.00 | 0.52 | (0.24.1.14) | 0.38 | (0.17,0.89) | 0.0497 | 0.0008 | |
| Normal BMIe | 1.00 | 0.76 | (0.22,2.60) | 0.58 | (0.16,2.29) | 0.4104 | 0.3062 | |
Analytes detectable in less than 50% of samples
Estimated with weighted logistic regression. All models adjusted for NSAID use (yes or no);multivitamin use (yes or no); BMI category (0–25 kg/m2, 25–30 kg/m2, ≥30 kg/m2); smoking status (no tobacco use, current smoker, quit 0-<10 y ago, quit 10 to <20 y ago, quit 20 to <30 y ago, quit 30 to <40 y ago, quit ≥40 y ago, or never smoked cigarettes but smoke pipe/cigars); age (≤59 y, 60–64 y, 65–69 y, or 70+ y); alcohol drinking (none, <1 drink/day, 1–3 drinks/day, or >3 drinks/day); sex (male or female) (lung and NHL studies only); year of serum collection (calendar year); education (≤11 y, 12 y or completed high school, some post high school education, or college graduate or post-graduate); daily fruit intake (cups/1000 kcal/day); daily vegetable intake (cups/1000 kcal/day); daily red meat intake (g/1000 kcal/day); daily white meat (i.e. poultry and fish) intake (g/1000 kcal/day); estimated daily energy intake (kcal/day)
Estimated with weighted logistic regression. All models adjusted for covariates in overall modelb except smoking status
Estimated with weighted logistic regression. All models adjusted for covariates in overall modelb; 4 individuals with missing diabetes status excluded
Estimated with weighted logistic regression. All models adjusted for covariates in overall modelb except BMI category
P-value for Wald X2 test of global significance for the cross-product term(s) for each stratifying variable and coffee drinking; 21 individuals excluded from analysis of coffee*BMI category interaction due to missing BMI