Table 1.
Offspring, parent and family characteristics: Sample sizes (%) and Means (SD)
Total Sample (n=1828) |
Father DD/AD (n=951) |
MZ uncle DD/AD (n=236) |
DZ uncle DD/AD (n=218) |
Neither DD/AD (n=423) |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offspring substance involvement | |||||
Alcohol initiation, n (%) | 1531 (83.9) | 814 (85.9) | 200 (84.8) | 178 (82.0) | 339 (80.1) |
Age of initiation, M (SD) | 15.9 (2.7) | 15.6 (2.7) | 16.2 (2.5) | 15.8 (2.9) | 16.2 (2.6) |
Any DSM-IV AD symptom | 1015 (55.5) | 561 (59.0) | 135 (57.2) | 113 (51.8) | 206 (48.7) |
Age at 1st symptom, M (SD), of those with 1+ symptom | 18.9 (2.9) | 18.7 (2.9) | 19.0 (2.9) | 18.7 (2.8) | 19.2 (2.9) |
DSM-IV AD | 259 (14.2) | 163 (17.2) | 35 (14.8) | 19 (8.7) | 42 (10.0) |
Age at 3rd symptom, M (SD), of those with AD | 20.0 (3.0) | 20.0 (3.0) | 19.8 (2.6) | 20.8 (3.8) | 20.1 (2.7) |
Parental Separation | |||||
Parental separation | 381 (20.8) | 254 (26.7) | 32 (13.6) | 39 (17.9) | 56 (13.2) |
Offspring age at parental separation | 7.3 (4.8) | 7.3 (4.9) | 5.7 (4.2) | 8.2 (4.0) | 7.6 (4.9) |
Offspring characteristics | |||||
Offspring age, M (SD) | 21.4 (4.3) | 21.5 (4.3) | 21.4 (4.3) | 20.7 (4.1) | 21.4 (4.4) |
Offspring sex, n (%) male | 911 (49.9) | 483 (50.8) | 116 (49.2) | 109 (50.5) | 203 (48.1) |
3+ conduct disorder symptoms | 117 (6.5) | 79 (8.4) | 9 (3.8) | 6 (2.8) | 23 (5.5) |
5+ depression symptoms | 271 (14.8) | 162 (17.0) | 29 (12.3) | 22 (10.1) | 58 (13.7) |
Suicidality | 438 (24.2) | 236 (25.1) | 59 (25.1) | 44 (20.4) | 99 (23.7) |
Social Phobia | 214 (11.7) | 118 (12.2) | 32 (13.6) | 20 (9.2) | 44 (10.4) |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 153 (8.4) | 86 (9.1) | 20 (8.5) | 17 (7.9) | 30 (7.2) |
2+ panic attacks | 172 (9.5) | 97 (10.3) | 26 (11.1) | 16 (7.4) | 33 (7.9) |
Childhood trauma | 530 (29.3) | 297 (31.5) | 60 (25.5) | 61 (28.2) | 112 (26.9) |
Childhood rape/molestation | 141 (7.8) | 78 (8.3) | 18 (7.7) | 15 (7.0) | 30 (7.2) |
Childhood physical abuse/neglect | 102 (5.6) | 76 (8.0) | 6 (2.6) | 5 (2.3) | 15 (3.6) |
Inattention (mother report, of 1488 offspring with mother inattention report) | 117 (7.9) | 67 (8.7) | 22 (11.5) | 6 (3.4) | 22 (6.3) |
Hyperactivity (mother report, of 1485 offspring with mother hyperactivity report) | 53 (3.6) | 33 (4.3) | 6 (3.2) | 6 (3.4) | 8 (2.3) |
Oppositional-Defiant (mother Report, of 1433 offspring with mother ODD report) | 204 (14.2) | 123 (16.7) | 30 (16.3) | 17 (10.0) | 34 (9.9) |
Family Background | |||||
Mother AD (of 1703 mothers with AD self-report) | 171 (10.0) | 120 (13.6) | 14 (6.5) | 17 (8.4) | 20 (5.0) |
Mother heavy cannabis use (of 1646 mothers with cannabis self-report) | 67 (4.1) | 49 (5.8) | 3 (1.4) | 8 (4.1) | 7 (1.8) |
Family income | |||||
Less than $20,000 | 49 (2.7) | 39 (4.2) | 3 (1.3) | 3 (1.4) | 4 (1.0) |
$20,000–$100,000 | 1432 (79.8) | 767 (81.7) | 189 (82.5) | 166 (78.7) | 310 (74.7) |
Greater than $100,000 | 313 (17.5) | 133 (14.2) | 37 (16.2) | 42 (19.9) | 101 (24.3) |
Note. DD = drug dependent; AD = alcohol dependent.