Table 1.

Embryonic events observed by time-lapse movie. We observed morphological development and behavior of all embryos and classified them as ‘complete collapse,’ in which the blastocoel was completely collapsed, or ‘severe collapse,’ in which the volume of the blastocoel was reduced more than 30 %. We also observed the phenomenon of ‘ICM division,’ in which cytoplasmic sticky strands formed between ICMs during blastocoel formation. The frequency of blastocoel collapse and ICM division was specifically increased in the embryos cultured with GJis. Statistically analyzed by chi-square test, Fischer’s exact test, and Mann–Whitney U-test, * p <0.0001, **p <0.05

	CZB	oleamide 50 μM	1-heptanol 10 mM
complete collapse	13.2 % (5/38)	29.0 % (9/31)**	40.6 % (13/32)**
mean ± SD	0.1 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.9	0.7 ± 0.8
(range)	(0–1)	(0–3)	(0–3)
severe collapse	26.3 % (10/38)	77.4 % (24/31)*	87.5 % (28/32)**
mean ± SD	0.3 ± 0.5	4.5 ± 5.2	5.5 ± 7.3
(range)	(0–2)	(0–20)	(0–30)
ICM division	5.3 % (2/38)	74.3 % (23/31)*	65.6 % (21/32)*
the overall rate of blastocyst formation	97.6 % (37/38)	95.6 % (30/31)	96.9 % (31/32)