Table 1.
Biomarker Correlations with Clinical Endpoints and Prognosis in Pulmonary Hypertension
| Biomarker | Population (WHO Group) | Patients (n) | Clinical Endpoint | Correlation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eNO | I–IV | 41 | PAP | Yes | (59) |
| CI | |||||
| RVSP (1 yr later) | |||||
| SNO | I | 14 | PAP | Yes | (65) |
| PVR | |||||
| ADMA | I | 57 | MVO2 | Yes | (49) |
| RAP | |||||
| CI | |||||
| Mortality | |||||
| ADMA | IV | 135 | Svo2 | Yes | (50) |
| RAP | |||||
| CI | |||||
| Urine cGMP | I | 19 | Svo2 | Yes | (68) |
| CI | |||||
| Plasma cGMP | I–IV | 13 | PVR | Yes | (72) |
| CI | |||||
| PCWP | |||||
| ANP | I | 9 | PCWP | No | (76) |
| CI | |||||
| ANP | I, III–V | 18 | Mean PAP | No | (69) |
| PCWP | |||||
| PVR | Yes | ||||
| RAP | |||||
| Svo2 | |||||
| BNP | IV | 34 | PVR | Yes | (78) |
| BNP | I | 394 | 6MWD | Yes | (14) |
| Clinical worsening | |||||
| WHO functional class | |||||
| Borg dyspnea score | |||||
| NT-proBNP | I (scleroderma-associated PAH) | 68 | Mean PAP | Yes | (79) |
| PVR | |||||
| 6MWD | |||||
| Mortality | |||||
| NT-proBNP | I, III–V | 118 | Mean PAP | Yes | (80) |
| PVR | |||||
| RAP | |||||
| CO | |||||
| CI | |||||
| Mortality | |||||
| NT-proBNP | I | 198 | Mortality | Yes | (83) |
| 6MWD | |||||
| WHO functional class | |||||
| ET-1 | I, III | 7 | Mean PAP during hypoxia | Yes | (88) |
| ET-1 | I | 21 | RAP | Yes | (91) |
| PA oxygen saturation | |||||
| ET-1 | I, V | 33 | RAP | Yes | (92) |
| Indexed PVR | |||||
| CI | |||||
| Svo2 | |||||
| 6MWD | No | ||||
| NYHA functional class | |||||
| Time to transplant or death | |||||
| ET-1 | I | 16 | PVR | Yes | (93) |
| Mean PAP | |||||
| CO | |||||
| CI | |||||
| 6MWD | |||||
| RDW | I–V | 162 | Mortality | Yes | (97) |
| Mean RAP | No | ||||
| Mean PAP | |||||
| CI | |||||
| PCWP | |||||
| PVR | |||||
| RDW | I | 139 | 6MWD | Yes | (98) |
| WHO functional class | |||||
| Mean RAP | |||||
| CI | |||||
| Survival |
Definition of abbreviations: 6MWD, 6-minute-walk distance; ADMA, asymmetric dimethyl arginine; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CI, cardiac index; CO, cardiac output; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; eNO, exhaled nitric oxide; ET, endothelin; MVO2, maximal oxygen consumption; NT-proNBP, N-terminal fragment of pro-BNP; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PA, pulmonary arterial; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RAP, right atrial pressure; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure (estimated by echocardiography); SNO, S-nitrosothiol; Svo2, mixed venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation; WHO, World Health Organization.