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. 2015 Jun 26;6:7496. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8496

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(a) 3D visualization of Sn particles at the first lithiation–delithiation process. Particles are coloured on particle size to assist in data analysis and view. (b) Schematic illustration showing the difference of Sn microstructural change in NIB and LIB. For NIB, the sodiation leads to obvious microstructural cracks, but the desodiation process only shrinks the volume with negligible pulverization. In contrast, the microstructural change in LIB predominantly occurs during the delithiation process, with the formation of many pores and pulverization. The feature size distribution of Sn particles in (c) LIBs and (d) NIBs confirms the sketch in b. (e,f) 3D quantitative comparison of (e) volume, (f) specific area, (g) curvature in NIBs and (h) curvature in LIBs. Scale bar, 10 μm.