Table 1.
Shear and adhesive strength of animal adhesive pads in comparison with single cells
| Strength (kPa) | Source | |
|---|---|---|
| Shear forces | ||
| Gecko seta: real contact area | 53,300 | [124, 125] |
| Gecko seta: projected contact area | 2,880 | |
| Beetle pad: real contact area | 681 | [112] |
| Beetle pad: projected contact area | 259 | |
| Weaver ants | 405 | [126] |
| Stick insects | 299 | [112] |
| Barnacles | 10-300 | [127] |
| Fibroblast cells (whole) | 0.048 | [128] |
| Fibroblast cells (focal contacts) | 5.5 | [103] |
| Adhesion | ||
| Gecko seta: real contact area | 10,700 | [124, 125] |
| Gecko seta: projected contact area | 576 | |
| Beetle pad: real contact area | 86.9 | [112] |
| Beetle pad: projected contact area | 35.5 | |
| Stick insect pad | 44.6 | [112] |
| Barnacles | 100-1000 | [90] |
| Ants | ~50 | [126] |
| Endothelial cells | 0.56-1.1 | [129] |