Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by sex in the Bellville South cohort
| Characteristics | Overall | Men | Women | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 902 | 211 | 691 | |
| Age, years (SD) | 55 (15) | 56 (15) | 53 (14) | 0.068 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 29.9 (7.2) | 26.2 (6.2) | 31.0 (7.1) | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference, cm (SD) | 97 (15) | 94 (15) | 98 (15) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 449 (49.8) | 104 (49.3) | 346 (49.9) | 0.871 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 252 (27.9) | 63 (29.8) | 189 (27.3) | 0.478 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 45 (5.0) | 16 (7.6) | 29 (4.2) | 0.048 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 363 (40.2) | 108 (51.2) | 255 (36.9) | 0.0002 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD) | 123 (19) | 127 (18) | 122 (19) | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD) | 75 (12) | 76 (12) | 74 (13) | 0.041 |
| Height, m (SD) | 1.59 (0.09) | 1.68 (0.08) | 1.56 (0.07) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L (SD) | 6.4 (3.1) | 6.6 (3.8) | 6.4 (2.8) | 0.355 |
| HbA1c, % (SD) | 6.3 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.7) | 6.2 (1.3) | 0.307 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 5.6 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 0.0009 |
| Weight, kg (SD) | 75 (18) | 74 (17) | 75 (18) | 0.175 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L (SD) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.543 |
| Creatinine, μmol/l (SD) | 83 (20) | 94 (20) | 80 (19) | <0.0001 |
| Median urinary albumin/creatinine (ACR), mg/mmol [25th-75th percentiles] | 0.73 [0.41-1.56] | 0.67 [0.32-1.82] | 0.75 [0.44-1.50] | 0.126 |
| Albuminuria (ACR > =30), n (%) | 21 (2.3) | 4 (1.2) | 17 (2.5) | 0.634 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, MDRD), ml/min/1.73 m2 (SD) | 71.5 (19.4) | 76.6 (20.2) | 69.9 (18.8) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD, eGFR (MDRD) < 60), n (%) | 259 (28.7) | 42 (19.9) | 217 (31.4) | 0.001 |
| CKD (eGFR (MDRD) < 60 and/or albuminuria), n (%) | 268 (29.7) | 42 (19.9) | 226 (32.7) | 0.0004 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI), ml/min/1.73 m2 (SD) | 77.5 (20.6) | 80.7 (19.9) | 76.6 (20.8) | 0.011 |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD, eGFR (CKD-EPI) < 60), n (%) | 186 (20.6) | 35 (16.6) | 151 (21.8) | 0.098 |
| CKD (eGFR (CKD-EPI) < 60 and/or albuminuria), n (%) | 196 (21.7) | 35 (16.6) | 161 (23.3) | 0.038 |
CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; SD, standard deviation