Table 4.
Associations of baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with rapid loss in eGFR, incident CKD, and incident albuminuria
| Baseline 25(OH)D (per 10 ng/ml unit) | Rapid eGFR Decline | Incident CKD | Incident Albuminuria | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants in Analysis (n) | OR (95% CI) | P Value | Participants in Analysis (n) | OR (95% CI) | P Value | Participants in Analysis (n) | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| All participants | 4280 | 4098 | |||||||
| Model 1 unadjusted | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.30) | 0.26 | |||||
| Model 2a | 0.81 (0.70 to 0.95) | 0.008 | 1.14 (0.95 to 1.38) | 0.16 | |||||
| Model 2a + adjusted for log ACR at baseline | 0.82 (0.71 to 0.96) | 0.01 | 1.17 (0.97 to 1.42) | 0.09 | |||||
| Model 2a + adjusted for eGFR at baseline | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) | 0.29 | 0.96 (0.79 to 1.17) | 0.69 | |||||
| Model 2a + adjusted for log ACR and eGFR at baseline | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.08) | 0.33 | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) | 0.91 | |||||
| Participants without albuminuria (ACR <30 mg/g) at baseline | 4048 | 3893 | 4048 | ||||||
| Model 1 unadjusted | 0.78 (0.67 to 0.90) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.96 to 1.34) | 0.14 | 0.88 (0.73 to 1.05) | 0.16 | |||
| Model 2a | 0.81 (0.69 to 0.95) | 0.01 | 1.15 (0.94 to 1.40) | 0.18 | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.19) | 0.86 | |||
| Model 2a + adjusted for log ACR at baseline | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.96) | 0.01 | 1.16 (0.95 to 1.41) | 0.15 | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.29) | 0.61 | |||
| Model 2a + adjusted for eGFR at baseline | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 0.39 | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.18) | 0.69 | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.18) | 0.79 | |||
| Model 2a + adjusted for log ACR and eGFR at baseline | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 0.38 | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.20) | 0.78 | 1.03 (0.84 to 1.26) | 0.78 | |||
| Participants with albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g) at baseline | 232 | 205 | |||||||
| Model 1 unadjusted | 0.69 (0.42 to 1.12) | 0.14 | 0.99 (0.60 to 1.63) | 0.98 | |||||
| Model 2a | 0.74 (0.42 to 1.30) | 0.29 | 1.20 (0.62 to 2.33) | 0.59 | |||||
| Model 2a + adjusted for log ACR at baseline | 0.74 (0.41 to 1.32) | 0.30 | 1.35 (0.66 to 2.75) | 0.41 | |||||
| Model 2a + adjusted for eGFR at baseline | 0.78 (0.44 to 1.40) | 0.40 | 1.03 (0.51 to 2.09) | 0.94 | |||||
| Model 2a + adjusted for log ACR and eGFR at baseline | 0.78 (0.43 to 1.42) | 0.42 | 1.21 (0.58 to 2.54) | 0.61 | |||||
Rapid eGFR decline was defined a priori as an annual loss >3 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Incident CKD was defined as new CKD (i.e., eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) at follow-up among participants without CKD (i.e., eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) at baseline. 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, oral contraceptives (women), waist circumference, albumin-corrected calcium, vitamin D supplements or medications, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol.