Table 2.
Univariable analysis of variables associated with the two measures of early progressive renal decline in the 370 participants with type 1 diabetes
| Baseline Clinical Characteristic | Early GFR Lossa | Incident Advanced CKDb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (n=51) | Absent (n=319) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Present (n=68) | Absent (n=302) | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Women, n (%) | 31 (61) | 157 (49) | 1.60 (0.88 to 2.92) | 0.13 | 48 (71) | 140 (46) | 2.32 (1.38 to 3.91) | 0.002 |
| Age (yr) | 31±7 | 30±7 | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.05) | 0.65 | 32±7 | 30±7 | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.09) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes duration (yr) | 15±8 | 16±9 | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.03) | 0.54 | 19±8 | 15±8 | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08) | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120±15 | 119±14 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.03) | 0.45 | 119±16 | 119±14 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.02) | 0.94 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75±9 | 72±9 | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.08) | 0.02 | 73±9 | 72±9 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.03) | 0.81 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 9.4±1.5 | 8.3±1.4 | 1.57 (1.28 to 1.91) | <0.001 | 8.7±1.7 | 8.4±1.4 | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.27) | 0.31 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 205±44 | 193±42 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.09 | 209±48 | 192±41 | 1.01(1.01 to 1.02) | 0.003 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 166±214 | 115±66 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.02 | 121±100 | 121±98 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.63 |
| eGFRMDRD (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 116±35 | 120±22 | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | 0.21 | 106±32 | 122±20 | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99) | <0.001 |
| Albumin excretion ratio (mg/min)c | 51 (26–102) | 18 (12–49) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.002 | 33 (14–78) | 19 (12–52) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.02 |
| Presence of microalbuminuria, n (%)d | 37 (73) | 129 (40) | 3.89 (2.02 to 7.49) | <0.001 | 38 (56) | 128 (42) | 1.78 (1.10 to 2.88) | 0.02 |
| Heart rate variability parameters | ||||||||
| Mean circular resultant | 43.7±31.3 | 66.0±55.9 | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99) | 0.001 | 54.2±74.3 | 64.9±47.9 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.05 |
| Expiration/inspiration indexe | 1.28±0.23 | 1.38±0.24 | 0.81 (0.69 to 0.95) | 0.01 | 1.31±0.27 | 1.38±0.23 | 0.86 (0.76 to 0.97) | 0.02 |
| SD (msec) | 71.1±45.7 | 91.9±48.1 | 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99) | 0.005 | 74.4±51.8 | 92.3±46.9 | 0.99 (0.9 to 1.00) | 0.003 |
| Posture indexe | 1.18±0.42 | 1.26±0.44 | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.22 | 1.25±0.50 | 1.25±0.42 | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.05) | 0.74 |
| Cardiac autonomic neuropathy | ||||||||
| MCR<20, n (%) | 15 (29) | 32 (10) | 3.74 (1.85 to 7.56) | <0.001 | 22 (32) | 25 (8) | 3.99 (2.40 to 6.65) | <0.001 |
Data presented as mean±SD, median (interquartile rang), or n (%). Odds ratios and hazard ratios are expressed per unit for each baseline clinical characteristic, except for the heart rate variability parameters expiration/inspiration index and posture index, which are expressed per 0.1 units. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; eGFRMDRD, eGFR assessed by four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation; MCR, mean circular resultant.
Early GFR loss defined by eGFRCYSTATIN C slope <-3.3%/yr); associations examined by logistic regression.
Incident advanced CKD defined by onset of CKD stage ≥3; associations examined by Cox proportional-hazards.
Data converted from logarithmic means and SDs.
Compared with prevalent long-standing normoalbuminuria. Presence of microalbuminuria defined as prevalent or new-onset microalbuminuria.
Odds ratios and hazard ratios are expressed as per 0.1-unit change.