Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study patients
| HbA1c | Group I < 7.5% | Group II 7.5–9.0% | Group III ≥ 9.0% | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 302 | 877 | 1895 | |
| Male (%) | 173 (57.3) | 449 (51.2) | 1049 (55.1) | 0.069* |
| Age (years) | 58.1 (13.3) | 58.2 (11.7) | 56.2 (13.5) | < 0.001† |
| Weight (kg) | 63.9 (11.2) | 64.6 (11.0) | 64.1 (11.9) | 0.581† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (3.6) | 24.6 (3.5) | 24.2 (3.7) | 0.016† |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 10.0 (8.0) | 11.4 (7.7) | 9.3 (7.7) | < 0.001† |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51.3 (5.4) | 66.9 (4.6) | 96.3 (18.3) | < 0.001† |
| FPG (mmol/l), before | ||||
| Breakfast | 8.3 (3.4) | 8.9 (3.1) | 11.8 (4.7) | < 0.001† |
| Lunch | 11.6 (5.1) | 10.3 (3.4) | 13.3 (5.6) | < 0.001† |
| Dinner | 10.7 (4.2) | 11.9 (4.6) | 13.8 (5.5) | < 0.001† |
| PPG2 (mmol/l) after | ||||
| Breakfast | 12.3 (4.3) | 13.8 (4.7) | 16.9 (6.0) | < 0.001† |
| Lunch | 12.0 (5.1) | 13.7 (4.2) | 16.5 (6.0) | < 0.001† |
| Dinner | 12.0 (4.1) | 13.4 (4.3) | 14.2 (4.7) | 0.019† |
| Prior OADs (%) | ||||
| Metformin | 164 (54.3) | 622 (70.9) | 1345 (71.0) | < 0.001* |
| Sulfonylureas | 129 (42.7) | 499 (56.9) | 960 (50.7) | < 0.001* |
| Glinide | 52 (17.2) | 134 (15.3) | 228 (12.0) | < 0.001* |
| Thiazolidinediones | 18 (6.0) | 52 (5.9) | 132 (7.0) | 0.086* |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 12 (4.0) | 32 (3.6) | 85 (4.5) | 0.045* |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor | 65 (21.5) | 261 (29.8) | 484 (25.5) | 0.030* |
*
Data are expressed as frequency (%) and the p-value estimated based on the χ2 test.
†
Data are expressed as mean (SD) and the p-value estimated based on one way ANOVA. BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PPG2, postprandial glucose 2 h; OAD, oral antihyperglycaemic drug; DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase; NS, not significant.