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. 2015 Jul 6;9:86. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00086

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Copyright © 2015 Zhao, Yang, Wang, Roppolo, de Groat and Tai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effects of non-symmetric waveforms on membrane potential and activation/inactivation of ion channels under the block electrode when stimulation frequency is 30 kHz. The legends in (C) indicate the types of waveforms: symmetric and non-symmetric with a 1 μs difference in pulse width between the positive and negative pulses. (A) Change of membrane potential, (B) Na⁺ channel activation, (C) Na⁺ channel inactivation, (D) K⁺ channel activation. Stimulation waveforms: 30 kHz at block threshold intensities. Axon diameter: 2 μm. Abscissa: time in ms after the start of blocking stimulation.