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(a–c) TEMPO-mediated oxidized W-CNF, (d–f) W-CNC and (g–i) B-CNC. The images are acquired from the AFM amplitude channel (a, left) and phase channel (a, right and d,g), Cryo-SEM (b,e,h) and TEM (c,f,i). The arrows point to regions along fibril or crystal contours, where it is possible to detect a right-handed twisting. The corresponding AFM height maps for the images a,d,g are shown in Supplementary Fig. 3. The colour bar in g also applies to a.
