Table 2.
Age-Specific Odds Ratios for Emergency Department, Inpatient Hospital Visits and Visits Associated and Not Associated With FXS Among Adolescents and Young Adults With FXS, ASD, or ID, Controlling for Key Confounders
| 15–19 |
20–24 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | N | OR (95% CI) | N | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Emergency Department | |||||
| FXS | 161 | 2.0 (1.4, 2.8) | 89 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 0.0600 |
| ASD | 2990 | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1590 | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 0.0570 |
| ID | 19464 | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 15812 | 2.4 (2.2, 2.6) | <0.0001 |
| Inpatient Hospitalization | |||||
| FXS | 51 | 11.8 (7.6,18.4) | 25 | 6.3 (3.5,11.4) | 0.0639 |
| ASD | 953 | 9.4(7.6,11.5) | 308 | 5.7 (4.5,7.3) | <0.0001 |
| ID | 4595 | 10.4 (8.7,12.5) | 3667 | 11.7 (9.7,14.0) | 0.0009 |
| Conditions Associated With FXS | |||||
| All Mental Illness | |||||
| FXS | 58 | 108.4 (55.4, 212.1) | ≤10 | 33.2 (12.8, 85.9) | 0.0101 |
| ASD | 976 | 85.6 (54.8, 133.7) | 437 | 71.1 (44.4, 114.0) | 0.0716 |
| ID | 2614 | 57.8 (37.1, 90.1) | 2002 | 53.3 (34.1, 83.4) | 0.1377 |
| All Neurological Conditions | |||||
| FXS | 17 | 5.8 (2.5, 13.3) | ≤10 | 5.6 (2.0, 15.6) | 0.9581 |
| ASD | 303 | 6.1 (4.4, 8.5) | 131 | 5.1 (3.5, 7.4) | 0.1703 |
| ID | 1200 | 6.2 (4.5, 8.5) | 913 | 6.1 (4.4, 8.4) | 0.8754 |
| ACS-Epilepsy/Seizures | |||||
| FXS | 29 | 36.1 (13.9, 93.7) | 11 | 20.8 (5.3, 80.6) | 0.2680 |
| ASD | 392 | 26.8 (14.8, 48.8) | 171 | 22.4 (11.9,42.4) | 0.1919 |
| ID | 4013 | 19.3 (10.5, 35.5) | 2766 | 20.3 (11.1, 37.1) | 0.4835 |
| ACSC-Severe ENT | |||||
| FXS | ≤10 | 1.7 (0.8, 4.1) | ≤10 | 1.7 (0.5, 5.5) | 0.9838 |
| ASD | 295 | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | 102 | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 0.0124 |
| ID | 1179 | 4.2 (3.4, 5.2) | 950 | 3.4 (2.7, 4.1) | <0.0001 |
| Conditions Not Associated With FXS | |||||
| All Respiratory Conditions | |||||
| FXS | 11 | 1.9 (1.1, 3.4) | 14 | 1.7 (0.6, 4.4) | 0.8216 |
| ASD | 293 | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) | 129 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | 0.2558 |
| ID | 2776 | 4.2 (3.5, 4.9) | 1966 | 3.7 (3.1, 4.4) | 0.0100 |
| All Genitourinary Conditions | |||||
| FXS | ≤10 | 5.1 (2.1, 12.7) | ≤10 | 2.3 (0.7, 6.9) | 0.2769 |
| ASD | 93 | 2.3 (1.5, 3.3) | 49 | 2.2 (1.5, 3.4) | 0.9527 |
| ID | 1380 | 5.8 (4.3, 7.6) | 1241 | 7.0 (5.3, 9.2) | 0.0004 |
| ACSC-Gastroenteritis | |||||
| FXS | ≤10 | 2.8 (0.7, 11.6) | ≤10 | 1.7 (0.2, 12.3) | 0.6897 |
| ASD | 30 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.2) | 14 | 1.6 (0.8, 2.9) | 0.5224 |
| ID | 256 | 3.9 (2.7, 5.6) | 193 | 3.9 (2.7, 5.7) | 0.9344 |
| ACSC-Pneumonia | |||||
| FXS | ≤10 | 6.2 (1.8, 21.0) | ≤10 | 4.8 (1.1, 20.6) | 0.7693 |
| ASD | 39 | 3.0 (1.7, 5.4) | 18 | 2.9 (1.5, 5.7) | 0.8932 |
| ID | 221 | 4.6 (2.8, 7.5) | 170 | 5.2 (3.1, 8.7) | 0.2848 |
Note. Sex, race, county type (urban/rural), food stamp use, attained grade 12 or higher, and placed in special education are the key confounders. The age-specific odds ratios and associated confidence intervals are interpretable relative to the referent group. The matched group unaffected by FXS, ASD, or ID was set as the referent group. The p-value is a comparison of the two age-specific odds ratios relative to each other.
FXS = fragile X syndrome; ASD = autism spectrum disorder; ID = intellectual disability; ACSC = Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions; ENT = ear, nose, and throat.