Figure 1.

Personalized and targeted therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The strategy is based on the concept that a patient’s genetic makeup should guide his/her treatment. After a series of molecular analyses on tumor samples, bioinformatics is expected to identify driver genes, pathways, cancer subtype, and target drugs. A tumor board will synthesize all information and generate a personalized treatment plan. Nonresponders may be analyzed in a similar manner during subsequent surveillance and further treated. ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; WES: Whole exome sequencing; WGS: Whole genome sequencing.