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Percentage of sperm with DNA fragmentation in male partners of women with recurrent implantation failure (a and b), recurrent miscarriage (c and d), and in a group of recent fathers (control) (e and f) as measured by sperm chromatin disruption test (left hand graphs) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (right hand graphs). All measurements were made on sperm in semen and immediately following density gradient centrifugation. Values show mean ± s.e.m.
