Table 2.
Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality evaluating the joint effect of periodontal disease and chronic kidney disease
| Events, N | Mortality Rate (1000 P-Y) | Model 1a, HR (95 % CI) | Model 2b, HR (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause Mortality | ||||
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (−) CKD | 970 | 5.44 | Reference | Reference |
| (+) Periodontal Disease, (−) CKD | 228 | 21.33 | 1.67 (1.30,2.14) | 1.39 (1.06,1.81) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (+) CKD | 476 | 24.93 | 1.85 (1.57,2.18) | 1.55 (1.30,1.84) |
| (+) Periodontal disease, (+) CKD | 139 | 65.20 | 2.69 (2.14,3.40) | 2.07 (1.65,2.59) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (−) Low eGFR | 1182 | 5.98 | Reference | Reference |
| (+) Periodontal Disease, (−) Low eGFR | 293 | 23.80 | 1.65 (1.33,2.06) | 1.39 (1.09,1.77) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (+) Low eGFR | 264 | 56.78 | 1.58 (1.30,1.93) | 1.39 (1.12,1.71) |
| (+) Periodontal disease, (+) Low eGFR | 74 | 112.35 | 2.28 (1.72,3.02) | 1.68 (1.20,2.36) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (−) Albuminuria | 1140 | 6.13 | Reference | Reference |
| (+) Periodontal Disease, (−) Albuminuria | 268 | 23.29 | 1.63 (1.30,2.06) | 1.40 (1.09,1.81) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (+) Albuminuria | 306 | 19.44 | 2.12 (1.78,2.52) | 1.65 (1.39,1.98) |
| (+) Periodontal disease, (+) Albuminuria | 99 | 58.86 | 2.68 (2.06,3.49) | 1.90 (1.47,2.46) |
| Cardiovascular Mortality | ||||
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (−) CKD | 353 | 1.91 | Reference | Reference |
| (+) Periodontal Disease, (−) CKD | 84 | 7.60 | 1.59 (1.06,2.38) | 1.33 (0.88,2.01) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (+) CKD | 243 | 13.68 | 2.30 (1.89,2.80) | 1.74 (1.41,2.15) |
| (+) Periodontal disease, (+) CKD | 72 | 33.32 | 3.03 (2.18,4.21) | 2.11 (1.52,2.94) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (−) Low eGFR | 445 | 2.23 | Reference | Reference |
| (+) Periodontal Disease, (−) Low eGFR | 117 | 9.15 | 1.59 (1.19,2.12) | 1.33 (0.99,1.79) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (+) Low eGFR | 151 | 33.30 | 1.79 (1.33,2.41) | 1.45 (1.05,1.99) |
| (+) Periodontal disease, (+) Low eGFR | 39 | 55.04 | 2.21 (1.38,3.56) | 1.45 (0.80,2.62) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (−) Albuminuria | 450 | 2.35 | Reference | Reference |
| (+) Periodontal Disease, (−) Albuminuria | 106 | 8.59 | 1.51 (1.05,2.18) | 1.38 (0.94,2.03) |
| (−) Periodontal Disease, (+) Albuminuria | 146 | 10.07 | 2.56 (2.06,3.19) | 1.78 (1.40,2.28) |
| (+) Periodontal disease, (+) Albuminuria | 50 | 29.67 | 2.90 (1.91,4.43) | 1.75 (1.12,2.73) |
aModel1: Adjusted for age (continuous), gender, race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Mexican-American or other), education (< vs. ≥ high school) and annual income (< vs. ≥ $20,000)
bModel 2: Adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus diabetes, hypertension, smoking (never vs. current/past), cardiovascular disease, BMI (continuous), family history of premature CVD, HbA1c, total cholesterol and systolic BP. In addition, analyses of periodontal disease and eGFR were adjusted for natural log of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; and analyses of periodontal disease and albuminuria were adjusted for eGFR
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease (defined as either low estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2] or the presence of albuminuria [urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g])