Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, kidney function test and urine profile by sex
| Characteristics | Overall | Men | Women | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 500 (100) | 267 (53.4) | 233 (46.6) | - | |
| Mean age, years (SD) | 45.3 (13.2) | 45.9 (13.5) | 44.6 (12.8) | 0.267 | |
| History of hypertension (%) | 61 (12.2) | 25 (9.4) | 36 (15.5) | 0.041 | |
| History of diabetes (%) | 14 (2.8) | 6 (2.2) | 8 (3.4) | 0.433 | |
| History of gout (%) | 6 (1.2) | 4 (1.5) | 2 (0.9) | 0.690 | |
| Tobacco use currently or formerly (%) | 35 (7.0) | 34 (12.7) | 1 (0.4) | <0.001 | |
| Alcohol use currently or formerly (%) | 272 (54.4) | 184 (68.9) | 88 (37.8) | <0.001 | |
| Longstanding use of herbal medicine (%) | 289 (57.8) | 160 (59.9) | 129 (55.4) | 0.303 | |
| Longstanding use of street medicine (%) | 148 (29.6) | 81 (30.3) | 67 (28.8) | 0.768 | |
| Mean SBP, mmHg (SD) | 132 (24) | 137 (23) | 128 (24) | <0.001 | |
| Mean DBP, mmHg (SD) | 81 (15) | 82 (15) | 81 (14) | 0.267 | |
| Any hypertension (%) | 193 (38.6) | 109 (40.8) | 84 (36.1) | 0.311 | |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 27.1 (5.3) | 25.8 (3.9) | 28.6 (6.3) | <0.001 | |
| BMI > 25 (%) | 302 (60.4) | 143 (53.6) | 159 (68.2) | 0.001 | |
| Pulse (SD) | 77 (13) | 74 (13) | 79 (12) | <0.001 | |
| Dipstick abnormalities (%) | |||||
| Albuminuria | 0.542 | ||||
| A1 | 464 (92.8) | 246 (92.1) | 218 (93.6) | ||
| A2 | 29 (5.8) | 18 (6.7) | 11 (4.7) | ||
| A3 | 7 (1.4) | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.8) | ||
| Mean serum creatinine (jaffe), mg/dl (SD) | 10.5 (2.6) | 11.7 (2.6) | 9.1 (1.8) | <0.001 | |
| Mean serum creatinine (standardized), mg/dl (SD) | 9.9 (2.5) | 11.0 (2.5) | 8.6 (1.7) | <0.001 | |
| Mean Creatinine clearance, ml/min (SD) | |||||
| MDRD | 93.7 (24.9) | 93.8 (25.3) | 93.7 (24.5) | 0.981 | |
| CG | 97.8 (24.9) | 96.5 (24.8) | 99.4 (24.9) | 0.201 | |
| CKD-EPI | 99.2 (31.4) | 95.5 (28.6) | 103.5 (33.9) | 0.005 | |
| Stages of kidney function (eGFR), (%) | |||||
| MDRD | >90 | 259 (51.8) | 139 (52.1) | 120 (51.5) | 0.983 |
| 60–90 | 214 (42.8) | 114 (42.7) | 100 (42.9) | ||
| 45–59 | 24 (4.8) | 11 (4.1) | 13 (5.6) | ||
| 30–44 | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 15–29 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| CG | >90 | 296 (59.2) | 155 (58.1) | 141 (60.5) | 0.854 |
| 60–90 | 160 (32.0) | 88 (33.0) | 72 (30.9) | ||
| 45–59 | 33 (6.6) | 16 (6.0) | 17 (7.3) | ||
| 30–44 | 10 (2.0) | 7 (2.6) | 3 (1.3) | ||
| 15–29 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| CKD-EPI | >90 | 301 (60.2) | 152 (56.9) | 149 (63.9) | 0.206 |
| 60–90 | 177 (35.4) | 104 (39.0) | 73 (31.3) | ||
| 45–59 | 19 (3.8) | 8 (3.0) | 11 (4.7) | ||
| 30–44 | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 15–29 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
A albuminuria, BMI body mass index, CG Cockroft-Gault, CKD-EPI chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation