Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohorts [median (range) or n (%)].
| Characteristic | Duisburg(Germany,2000–2002)(n = 222) | ELFE (France,2007)(n = 35) | FLEHS I(Belgium,2002–2004)(n = 134) | GRD(Germany, Netherlands,1990–1995)(n = 588) | HUMIS(Norway,2002–2006) (n = 399) | Michalovce(Slovakia,2002–2004)(n = 938) | PELAGIE(France,2002–2006)(n = 171) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change in weight-for-age z-score 0–24 months | –0.13 (–2.74–4.83) | 0.06 (–2.38–2.21) | 0.04 (–2.59–3.40) | –0.03 (–3.87–3.46) | –0.03 (–3.91–3.83) | –0.01 (–5.01–3.72) | 0.03 (–2.85–3.63) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Weight 24 m (kg) | 13.56 (10.35–17.50) | 12.00 (9.93–13.47) | 12.53 (10.01–15.87) | 13.21 (9.89–18.54) | 12.19 (8.36–18.49) | 13.66 (10.08–20.26) | 12.39 (8.86–16.78) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Height 24 m (cm) | 87.4 (76.6–95.8) | 87.6 (82.9–104.7) | 88.0 (77.7–94.4) | 88.6 (80.5–98.1) | 86.3 (71.2–108.3) | 86.2 (74.9–96.3) | 87.5 (78.8––96.3) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3.460 (1.960–4.925) | 3.340 (2.800–4.110) | 3.383 (2.600–4.530) | 3.500 (2.140–5.000) | 3.680 (2.030–5.100) | 3.370 (2.060–5.060) | 3.370 (2.320–4.760) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Birth length (cm) | 52 (42–61) | 49 (47–52) | 50.7 (48.2–53.1) | 52.5 (44–60) | 51 (42–55) | 50 (40–57) | 50 (43–55) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 22 | 0 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 40 (37–42) | 40 (38–41) | 40 (37–41) | 40 (37–43) | 40 (37–44) | 40 (37–43) | 40 (37–42) |
| Missing (%) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 0 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 108 (48.7) | 18 (51.4) | 72 (53.7) | 322 (54.8) | 203 (51.1) | 477 (51.0) | 92 (53.8) |
| Female | 114 (51.4) | 17 (48.6) | 62 (46.3) | 266 (45.2) | 195 (49.0) | 459 (49.0) | 79 (46.2) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Maternal age (years) | 31.9 (19.3–42.6) | 32.9 (24.3–41.3) | 31.1 (20.3–41.1) | 29 (18–40) | 29 (16–42) | 25.7 (17.9–45) | 31.1 (20.1–45) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI | 23.0 (14.9–51.4) | 21.5 (18.1–27.7) | 22.4 (16.9–37.4) | 22.1 (15.0–48.3) | 23.3 (16.6–43.8) | 21.2 (14.5–40.7) | 21.9 (17.3–37.6) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 44 | 0 |
| Maternal prepregnancy weight (kg) | 65 (42–140) | 58 (47–78) | 62 (45–112) | 64 (44–133) | 66 (43–120) | 58 (38–115) | 58 (46–105) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 44 | 0 |
| Maternal gestational weight gain (kg) | NA | NA | 15.0 (1.0–30.0) | NA | 14.0 (–3.0–31.0) | 14.0 (1.0–35.0) | 13.0 (5.0–31.0) |
| Missing (%) | 222 | 35 | 60 | 588 | 8 | 250 | 0 |
| Maternal height (cm) | 168 (151–183) | 163 (148–173) | 168 (150–183) | 170 (150–193) | 168 (149–199) | 165 (133–186) | 165 (150–190) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Parity | |||||||
| 0 | 0 (0.0) | 12 (34.3) | 84 (62.7) | 294 (50.0) | 154 (38.6) | 391 (41.7) | 68 (39.8) |
| ≥ 1 | 222 (100.0) | 23 (65.7) | 50 (37.3) | 294 (50.0) | 245 (61.4) | 547 (58.3) | 103 (60.2) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Education | |||||||
| Low | 50 (22.5) | 1 (2.9) | 5 (3.7) | 73 (12.4) | 53 (13.4) | 177 (19.0) | 29 (17.0) |
| Medium | 83 (37.4) | 8 (22.9) | 96 (73.3) | 184 (31.4) | 253 (64.1) | 687 (73.7) | 26 (15.2) |
| High | 89 (40.1) | 26 (74.3) | 30 (22.9) | 330 (56.2) | 89 (22.5) | 68 (7.3) | 116 (67.84) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 0 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancya | |||||||
| No | 169 (76.1) | 33 (100.0) | 120 (90.2) | 438 (74.5) | 357 (89.5) | 805 (85.8) | 137 (80.6) |
| Yes | 53 (23.9) | 0 | 13 (9.8) | 150 (25.5) | 42 (10.5) | 133 (14.2) | 33 (19.4) |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Caucasian | 211 (95.1) | NA | NA | 588 (100.0) | 374 (98.2) | 738 (80.7) | 171 (100.0) |
| Inuit | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | 2 (0.5) | 0 | 0 |
| Roma | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 177 (19.3) | 0 |
| Other | 11 (5.0) | NA | NA | 0 | 4 (1.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Missing (%) | 0 | 35 | 134 | 0 | 17 | 23 | 0 |
| Sample type | |||||||
| Maternal blood | 216 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cord blood | 0 | 0 | 130 | 267 | 0 | 880 | 168 |
| Breast milk | 0 | 35 | 0 | 321 | 399 | 0 | 0 |
| Missing (%) | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 3 |
| Sample collection time (days from birth) | –51 (–107–42) | 51 (36–70) | 0 (0–0) | CB: 0 (0–0) BM: 14 (14–14) | 32 (2–158) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
| Missing (%) | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 58 | 3 |
| Total breastfeeding (months) | 6.9 (0.2–18) | 5.0 (1.6–23) | 3 (0–48) | 2.3 (0–6) | 12 (1–31.2) | 5 (0–48) | 3.1 (0–24.8) |
| Missing (%) | 38 | 2 | 42 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 8 |
| No breastfeeding | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 34 (25.4) | 224 (38.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.2) | 70 (40.9) |
| Missing (%) | 38 | 2 | 42 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 8 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding (months) | 4.8 (0–9.9) | NA | 0 (0–1) | NA | 5 (0–10) | 3 (0–12) | NA |
| Missing (%) | 39 | 35 | 76 | 588 | 0 | 3 | 171 |
| Abbreviations: BM, breast milk; CB, cord blood; ELFE, Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance (French Longitudinal Study of Children); FLEHS I, Flemish Environment and Health Survey I; GRD, Groningen–Rotterdam–Düsseldorf; HUMIS, Human Milk Study; NA, not available; PELAGIE, Endocrine disruptors: longitudinal study on pathologies of pregnancy, infertility and childhood. Continuous measures described by median (minimum–maximum); categorical measures described by frequencies (%).aIn PELAGIE, smoking status at inclusion was used as proxy for smoking during pregnancy. | |||||||