Table 3.
Limit of detection, percent detectable results, and geometric means for complete study sample and subgroups (μg/g creatinine).a
| Analyte and speciesb | Complete sample (n = 45) | Random sample (n = 30) | High-BPA subgroup (n = 15) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) > LOD | GM all time periods | GM 17, 23, 29 weeks | n (%) > LOD | GM all time periods | GM 17, 23, 29 weeks | n (%) > LOD | GM all time periods | GM 17, 23, 29 weeks | |
| Bisphenol A (LOD = 0.4 μg/L) | |||||||||
| Total | 135 (100) | 10.9 | 17.9, 9.3, 7.8 | 90 (100) | 9.6 | 12.3, 9.2, 7.8 | 45 (100) | 14.1 | 37.8, 9.4, 7.8 |
| Free | 133 (100) | 7.7 | 14.3, 6.5, 5.0 | 89 (100) | 6.9 | 9.5, 7.1, 4.9 | 44 (100) | 9.6 | 34.1, 5.5, 5.2 |
| Conjugated | 133 (100) | 1.8 | 2.1, 1.6, 1.8 | 89 (100) | 1.4 | 1.5, 1.3, 1.5 | 44 (100) | 2.8 | 4.5, 2.2, 2.5 |
| Butyl paraben (LOD = 0.2 μg/L) | |||||||||
| Total | 135 (100) | 8.9 | 13.5, 7.5, 6.9 | 90 (100) | 8.2 | 12.0, 7.5, 6.1 | 45 (100) | 10.5 | 17.3, 7.6, 8.9 |
| Free | 133 (100) | 2.6 | 3.6, 2.3, 2.1 | 89 (100) | 2.4 | 2.9, 2.3, 2.0 | 44 (100) | 3.1 | 5.8, 2.2, 2.4 |
| Conjugated | 133 (100) | 4.3 | 6.9, 3.6, 3.3 | 89 (100) | 4.4 | 7.1, 4.3, 2.7 | 44 (100) | 4.2 | 6.5, 2.7, 4.5 |
| Methyl paraben (LOD = 1.0 μg/L) | |||||||||
| Total | 135 (100) | 1758.9 | 2,676, 1,539, 1,322 | 90 (100) | 1563.0 | 2,051, 1,572, 1,185 | 45 (100) | 2227.5 | 4,559, 1,474, 1,645 |
| Free | 133 (100) | 36.6 | 48.0, 33.0, 31.1 | 89 (100) | 33.3 | 39.0, 32.2, 29.4 | 44 (100) | 44.2 | 74.8, 34.5, 34.6 |
| Conjugated | 133 (100) | 1713.4 | 2,604, 1,512, 1,286 | 89 (100) | 1530.8 | 2,010, 1,553, 1,150 | 44 (100) | 2152.1 | 4,536, 1,435, 1,609 |
| Propyl paraben (LOD = 0.2 μg/L) | |||||||||
| Total | 135 (100) | 46.0 | 59.3, 46.6, 35.1 | 90 (100) | 46.8 | 63.3, 47.9, 33.9 | 45 (100) | 46.2 | 52.1, 44.0, 37.8 |
| Free | 133 (100) | 2.2 | 2.8, 2.1, 1.9 | 89 (100) | 2.1 | 2.5, 2.1, 1.9 | 44 (100) | 2.4 | 3.6, 2.2, 1.8 |
| Conjugated | 133 (100) | 41.0 | 50.7, 43.1, 31.8 | 89 (100) | 42.6 | 56.4, 45.2, 30.4 | 44 (100) | 38.0 | 40.2, 39.5, 34.8 |
| Benzophenone‑3 (LOD = 0.4 μg/L) | |||||||||
| Total | 128 (95) | 8.5 | 8.8, 8.3, 8.5 | 86 (96) | 8.5 | 8.4, 7.7, 9.4 | 42 (93) | 8.6 | 9.6, 9.5, 7.0 |
| Free | 13 (10) | NC | NC | 9 (10) | NC | NC | 4 (9) | NC | NC |
| Conjugated | 13 (10) | NC | NC | 9 (10) | NC | NC | 4 (9) | NC | NC |
| 2,4-DCP (LOD = 0.2 μg/L) | |||||||||
| Total | 60 (44) | NC | NC | 42 (47) | NC | NC | 18 (40) | NC | NC |
| Free | 2 (2) | NC | NC | 1 (1) | NC | NC | 1 (2) | NC | NC |
| Conjugated | 2 (2) | NC | NC | 1 (1) | NC | NC | 1 (2) | NC | NC |
| 2,5-DCP (LOD = 0.2 μg/L) | |||||||||
| Total | 19 (14) | NC | NC | 11 (12) | NC | NC | 8 (18) | NC | NC |
| Free | 0 (0) | NC | NC | 0 (0) | NC | NC | 0 (0) | NC | NC |
| Conjugated | 0 (0) | NC | NC | 0 (0) | NC | NC | 0 (0) | NC | NC |
| Abbreviations: 2,4-DCP, 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP, 2,5-dichlorophenol; GM, geometric mean; LOD, limit of detection; NC, not calculated due to < 50% detection. aComplete sample (n = 45 participants, 135 samples); random sample: randomly selected participants with no previously measured BPA concentrations (n = 30 participants, 90 samples); high-BPA subgroup: participants with high BPA concentrations in a previous random selection (n = 15 participants, 45 samples). bInstrumental readings used for total concentrations; values > LOD used for free concentrations. Conjugated concentrations, which are the difference between measured total and free concentrations, were calculated if both total and free were > LOD. Two specimens lacked reportable free phenol concentrations due to instrument error. | |||||||||