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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2015 Apr 7;140:136–144. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.017

Table 5.

The association1 between continuous log PAH exposure and CBCL Syndrome Raw Score in Children Ages 6–9 years stratified by Micronutrient Status2, adjusting for select covariates

Stratified by
Alpha-Tocopherol		 Stratified by
Gamma-Tocopherol		 Stratified by Carotenoids Stratified by
Retinols
Domain N β for
PAH		 p-value N β for
PAH		 p-value N β for
PAH		 p-value N β for
PAH		 p-value
Anxious/Depressed
  High Micronutrient 73 0.15 0.06 73 0.10 0.19 68 0.08 0.32 62 0.05 0.56
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.09 0.20 78 0.11 0.15 83 0.16 0.03 89 0.17 0.02
Withdrawn/Depressed
  High Micronutrient 73 0.17 0.26 73 0.44 0.004 68 0.26 0.08 62 0.30 0.07
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.35 0.004 78 0.32 0.01 83 0.35 0.005 89 0.41 0.0008
Somatic Complaints
  High Micronutrient 73 −0.08 0.57 73 −0.17 0.16 68 −0.17 0.26 62 −0.09 0.60
  Low Micronutrient 78 −0.19 0.15 78 −0.02 0.90 83 −0.18 0.15 89 −0.19 0.11
Social Problems
  High Micronutrient 73 0.15 0.19 73 0.12 0.22 68 0.23 0.04 62 0.20 0.08
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.09 0.35 78 0.19 0.06 83 0.17 0.06 89 0.26 0.003
Thought Problems
  High Micronutrient 73 0.09 0.63 73 0.37 0.04 68 0.21 0.27 62 0.12 0.49
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.08 0.55 78 0.09 0.49 83 0.12 0.34 89 0.22 0.09
Attention Problems
  High Micronutrient 73 0.24 0.01 73 0.30 0.001 68 0.17 0.07 62 0.27 0.003
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.03 0.67 78 0.01 0.90 83 0.16 0.03 89 0.10 0.17
Rule-breaking
  High Micronutrient 73 0.19 0.14 73 0.22 0.07 68 0.04 0.75 62 0.14 0.28
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.07 0.51 78 0.11 0.34 83 0.21 0.05 89 0.10 0.34
Aggressive Behavior
  High Micronutrient 73 0.17 0.04 73 0.32 <0.0001 68 0.09 0.25 62 0.24 0.002
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.15 0.01 78 0.11 0.07 83 0.23 0.0001 89 0.08 0.18
Internalizing
  High Micronutrient 73 0.10 0.11 73 0.09 0.10 68 0.07 0.29 62 0.08 0.26
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.10 0.08 78 0.13 0.03 83 0.13 0.02 89 0.14 0.009
Externalizing
  High Micronutrient 73 0.18 0.01 73 0.29 <0.0001 68 0.08 0.25 62 0.22 0.001
  Low Micronutrient 78 0.13 0.01 78 0.11 0.04 83 0.23 <0.0001 89 0.09 0.09
1

. Multivariable Poisson models were used to examine the association between continuous log PAH (prenatal PAH exposure measured from air monitors) and CBCL, stratified by micronutrient concentration, controlling for sex of the newborn, maternal gestational age, maternal years of education, maternal psychological distress, the age of the child at the time of the CBCL assessment, heating season, lead exposure, prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke and dietary PAH.

2

. The cutpoint for the low vs high micronutrient group was determined by the median value of that micronutrient for the subjects included in the study.