Table 4. Absolute risks (per 10,000 children) of major congenital anomalies in children according to type of antiepileptic drug in the 1st trimester of pregnancy.
| Individual types of AEDs in the 1st trimester of pregnancy | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbamazepine | Sodium valproate | Other older AEDs a combined | Lamotrigine | Other newer AEDs b combined | ||||||
| n = 450 | n = 291 | n = 155 | n = 389 | n = 217 | ||||||
| n | n/10,000 | n | n/10,000 | n | n/10,000 | n | n/10,000 | n | n/10,000 | |
| Any major anomaly | 19 | 422 | 20 | 687 | 11 | 710 | 20 | 514 | 8 | 369 |
| Heart | 8 | 178 | 6 | 206 | 5 | 323 | 9 | 231 | 2 | 92 |
| Limb | 2 | 44 | 5 | 172 | 1 | 65 | 4 | 103 | 0 | - |
| Genital system | 5 | 111 | 4 | 137 | 3 | 194 | 2 | 51 | 3 | 138 |
| Nervous system | 2 | 44 | 3 | 103 | 0 | - | 1 | 26 | 0 | - |
| Other anomalies c | 5 | 111 | 4 | 137 | 4 | 258 | 5 | 129 | 4 | 184 |
a phenytoin, clonazepam, clobazam, phenobarbital, ethosuximide, or primidone;
b gabapentin, levetiracetam, pregabalin, topiramate, vigabatrin, zonisamide, or lacosamide;
c All other major congenital anomalies not classified as heart, limb, genital system, or nervous system;
AEDs = antiepileptic drugs