Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of Boston Puerto Rican adults, by sex and insomnia disorder (y/n) a .
| Men (n = 207) | Women (n = 543) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With Insomnia disorder b | Without insomnia disorder | With Insomnia disorder b | Without insomnia disorder | |
| n = 31 | n = 176 | n = 96 | n = 447 | |
| Age (y) | 56.7±6.2 c | 58.5±8.1 | 57.3± 7.5 | 59.3±7.2* |
| Education level (%) | ||||
| Less than 5th grade | 25.8 | 16.6 | 30.2 | 24.6 |
| 5th–9th grade | 19.4 | 26.3 | 26.0 | 25.3 |
| 9th–12th grade | 35.5 | 44.6 | 30.2 | 34.0 |
| College or bachelor’s degree | 16.1 | 10.9 | 12.5 | 13.6 |
| At least some graduate school | 3.23 | 1.71 | 1.04 | 2.46 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6±5.3 | 30.1±5.3 | 33.1± 5.9 | 33.1± 7.0 |
| Height (m) | 1.68±0.05 | 1.68±0.07 | 1.55±0.06 | 1.55±0.06 |
| Obesity (%) | 46.7 | 48.6 | 68.4 | 65.6 |
| Physical activity score | 31.5±3.8 | 33.1±6.0 | 30.8± 4.0 | 31.4± 4.1 |
| Plasma 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 15.8±5.9 | 18.0±6.6 | 20.1± 8.0 | 19.3± 7.1 |
| Calcium intake (mg/d) | 858±547 | 972±521 | 1029±604 | 978±537 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||
| Never smoke | 22.6 | 32.2* | 47.9 | 53.0 |
| Past smoker | 25.8 | 38.5 | 28.1 | 28.2 |
| Current smoker | 51.6 | 29.3 | 24.0 | 18.8 |
| Drinking status (%) | ||||
| Not current drinker | 71.0 | 47.0* | 63.2 | 64.9 |
| Current moderate drinker | 22.6 | 38.1 | 32.6 | 31.5 |
| Current heavy drinker | 6.45 | 14.9 | 4.21 | 3.62 |
| Currently using bone med (%) | 29.0 | 21.0 | 49.0 | 51.7 |
| Hypertension (%) | 53.3 | 67.6 | 62.5 | 67.6 |
| Diabetes (%) | 38.7 | 40.3 | 45.8 | 41.5 |
| Arthritis (%) | 45.2 | 40.9 | 71.9 | 66.9 |
| Sleep duration (%) | ||||
| ≤5h | 45.2 | 22.4* | 45.8 | 21.5* |
| 6h | 19.3 | 21.3 | 25.0 | 23.4 |
| 7h | 19.3 | 21.3 | 8.3 | 21.5 |
| 8h | 6.5 | 21.8 | 14.6 | 20.9 |
| ≥9h | 9.7 | 13.2 | 6.3 | 12.7 |
| Snoring frequency (%) | ||||
| Every/most night | 45.2 | 40.6 | 37.2 | 38.7 |
| a few nights a week | 16.1 | 18.3 | 12.8 | 14.4 |
| occasionally/rare | 38.7 | 41.1 | 50.0 | 46.9 |
| CES-D score | 24.9± 12.8 | 13.6±11.2* | 22.8±12.5 | 19.6±12.5* |
| Menopause (%) | - | - | 84.2 | 88.0 |
| Urinary cortisol d | 41.6±25.8 | 42.6± 45.4 | 36.6± 35.8 | 35.5 ±25.2 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.87 (1.08,3.23) e | 2.96 (2.47,3.53) | 3.55 (2.77,4.54) | 3.49 (3.13,3.90) |
| IL-6 (μg/L) | 3.61(2.70,4.85) | 3.33 (2.82,3.93) | 3.25 (2.82,3.75) | 3.21 (2.98,3.46) |
| Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | 0.981±0.182 | 1.002±0.150 | 0.919±0.123 | 0.905±0.143 |
| Trochanter BMD (g/cm2) | 0.901±0.179 | 0.908±0.153 | 0.791 0.114 | 0.795±0.140 |
| Total femur BMD (g/cm2) | 1.09±0.18 | 1.09±0.16 | 1.01±0.13 | 1.00±0.16 |
| Lumbar spine BMD (g/cm2) | 1.22±0.21 | 1.24±0.21 | 1.12±0.18 | 1.13±0.18 |
a CES-D, Center for the Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CRP, c-reactive protein; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; IL-6, interleukin 6; BMD, bone mineral density.
b The category“with insomnia disorder” includes participants who reported having difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep or early-morning awakenings most of the time, accompanied with non-restorative sleep most of the time.
c Mean±SD (all such values).
d Urinary cortisol (mg) is standardized by multiplying each measure by total urine volume and dividing by urinary creatinine excretion.
e Geometric mean, 95% confidence interval in parentheses (all such values).
* p<0.05 compared to those with insomnia disorder.