Table 3. Associations between insomnia symptoms and bone mineral density (BMD) a .
| Difficulty initiating sleep b | Difficulty maintaining sleep b | Early-morning awaking b | Non-restorative sleep b | Insomnia b | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | no | yes | |
| Men (n = 207) | n = 137 | n = 70 | n = 138 | n = 69 | n = 129 | n = 78 | n = 159 | n = 48 | n = 176 | n = 31 |
| Femoral Neck | _(ref) | -0.0034(-0.054, 0.047) | _(ref) | 0.0016(-0.034 0.066) | _(ref) | 0.050(0.0023, 0.097) | _(ref) | 0.0074(-0.045, 0.060) | _(ref) | 0.0060(-0.062, 0.074) |
| Trochanter | _(ref) | -0.0028(-0.052, 0.046) | _(ref) | 0.0022(-0.047, 0.051) | _(ref) | 0.035(-0.012, 0.082) | _(ref) | 0.0099(-0.042, 0.062) | _(ref) | 0.018(-0.049, 0.084) |
| Total femur | _(ref) | -0.0013(-0.053, 0.050) | _(ref) | 0.0036(-0.048, 0.055) | _(ref) | 0.045(-0.0045, 0.095) | _(ref) | 0.018(-0.037, 0.072) | _(ref) | 0.028(-0.042, 0.098) |
| Lumbar spine | _(ref) | 0.046(-0.020, 0.11) | _(ref) | 0.0060(-0.072, 0.060) | _(ref) | 0.00062(-0.063, 0.063) | _(ref) | 0.0037(-0.066, 0.074) | _(ref) | 0.0064(-0.096, 0.083) |
| Women (n = 543) | n = 314 | n = 229 | n = 327 | n = 215 | n = 307 | n = 236 | n = 417 | n = 126 | n = 447 | n = 96 |
| Femoral Neck | _(ref) | 0.012(-0.012, 0.034) | _(ref) | 0.016(-0.0065, 0.040) | _(ref) | -0.0075(-0.031, 0.016) | _(ref) | -0.0028(-0.030,0.024) | _(ref) | 0.0047(-0.025, 0.035) |
| Trochanter | _(ref) | 0.018(-0.0043, 0.040) | _(ref) | 0.0054(-0.017, 0.028) | _(ref) | -0.011(-0.033, 0.011) | _(ref) | -0.011(-0.038, 0.014) | _(ref) | -0.0098(-0.038, 0.019) |
| Total femur | _(ref) | 0.0088(-0.015, 0.033) | _(ref) | 0.0061(-0.018, 0.030) | _(ref) | -0.015(-0.039, 0.0089) | _(ref) | 0.0046(-0.023, 0.033) | _(ref) | -0.0054(-0.037, 0.026) |
| Lumbar spine | _(ref) | 0.0092(-0.021, 0.040) | _(ref) | 0.0025(-0.028, 0.034) | _(ref) | -0.022(-0.053, 0.0091) | _(ref) | 0.0091(-0.027, 0.045) | _(ref) | 0.017(-0.023, 0.058) |
a Values in the table are β coefficients and 95% confidence interval in the regression model.
b Adjusted for age (year), educational level, smoking status (never smoke, past smoker and current smoker), drinking status (not current drinker, current moderate drinker and current heavy drinker), body mass index (Kg/m2), physical activity score, presence of hypertension (y/n), diabetes (y/n), arthritis (y/n), plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (ng/mL), snoring frequency (every/most night, a few nights a week, and occasionally/rare), osteoporosis medication use (y/n), CES-D score among men, and menopause status (y/n, women alone).