Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2015 Jul 7;6:499. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00499

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2015 Chung, Schwinn, Ngo, Lewis, Massey, Calcott, Crowhurst, Joyce, Gould, Davies and Harrison.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Putative core betalain biosynthetic pathway in plants. S, spontaneous reaction; the primary enzymatic reactions are tyrosine hydroxylating activity (TyH), the enzyme for which has not been unequivocally determined; CYP76AD1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of L-DOPA for the formation of cyclo-DOPA; and DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase (DOD) catalyzing the cleavage of L-DOPA needed for the formation of betalamic acid. Betacyanins normally accumulate as glycosides and may also be acylated. Regarding glucosylation at the 5-O-position, it appears that it is primarily done by cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5GT) prior to the conjugation that forms the betacyanin.