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. 2015 Jul 7;5:150. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00150

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Copyright © 2015 Kraan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Measured and simulated (TOPAS) energy spectra at the end of range of a monoenergetic 160 MeV proton pencil beam impinging along the central axis of a cylindrical PMMA target. Experimental setup (A) together with measured and simulated energy spectra for different collimator configurations (B–F). “Opening difference” is Collimator Open minus Collimator Closed, and “Wall-difference” means No Collimator minus Collimator closed, i.e., a configuration in which neutron background is subtracted. Measurements from Smeets et al. (154). Figure reproduced from Ref. (154, 155), with permission.