Table 1. Characteristics of the Korean middle-aged male participants by depressive symptoms.
| Number (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | No to moderate symptoms | Severe symptoms | p valuea | ||
| Characteristics | n = 10,238 | n = 7,470 | n = 2,768 | ||
| Age at enrollment | y (SD) | 56.3 (3.5) | 56.5 (3.8) | 56.2 (3.3) | 0.007b |
| Smoking statusc | Never smoker | 3,027 (29.6) | 2,333 (31.2) | 694 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Past smoker | 2,480 (24.2) | 1,783 (23.9) | 698 (25.2) | ||
| Current smoker | 4,730 (46.2) | 3,354 (44.9) | 1,377 (49.7) | ||
| Drinking status | Never drinker | 1,216 (11.9) | 782 (10.5) | 434 (15.7) | |
| Past drinker | 2,675 (26.1) | 1,756 (23.5) | 919 (33.2) | <0.001 | |
| Current drinker | 6,347 (62.0) | 4,932 (66.0) | 1,415 (51.1) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Below 18.5 | 323 (3.2) | 160 (2.1) | 163 (5.9) | |
| 18.5–22.9 | 4,118 (40.2) | 2,843 (38.1) | 1,275 (46.0) | <0.001 | |
| 23.0–24.9 | 2,992 (29.2) | 2,296 (30.7) | 696 (25.2) | ||
| 25 or above | 2,805 (27.4) | 2,171 (29.1) | 634 (22.9) | ||
| Marital statusc | Living with spouse | 9,377 (91.6) | 7,060 (94.5) | 2,317 (83.7) | <0.001 |
| Living without spouse | 861 (8.4) | 410 (5.5) | 450 (16.3) | ||
| Self-rated healthc | Very good or good | 734 (7.2) | 724 (9.7) | 11 (0.4) | |
| Fair | 3,748 (36.6) | 3,405 (45.6) | 343 (12.4) | <0.001 | |
| Poor | 4,503 (44.0) | 2,944 (39.4) | 1,559 (56.3) | ||
| Very poor | 1,253 (12.2) | 398 (5.3) | 856 (30.9) | ||
| Educational statusc | Elementary school or below | 2,407 (23.5) | 1,489 (19.9) | 918 (33.2) | |
| Middle school | 2,782 (27.2) | 1,934 (25.9) | 848 (30.6) | <0.001 | |
| High school or above | 5,049 (49.3) | 4,048 (54.2) | 1,002 (36.2) | ||
| Household income | Below 1,000,000 | 3,450 (33.7) | 1,852 (24.8) | 1,597 (57.7) | |
| per monthc | 1,000,000–1,990,000 | 4,693 (45.8) | 3,707 (49.6) | 987 (35.6) | <0.001 |
| (Korean Won)d | 2,000,000 or more | 2,095 (20.5) | 1,911 (25.6) | 184 (6.7) | |
| Participant group | Survey-only group | 8,233 (80.4) | 5,881 (78.7) | 2,352 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| Health exam group | 2,005 (19.6) | 1,589 (21.3) | 416 (15.0) | ||
| Depressive symptoms (1)e | No (0–13) | 2,360 (23.0) | 2,360 (31.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| (BDI score) | Mild (14–21) | 2,554 (24.9) | 2,554 (34.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Moderate (22–30) | 2,556 (25.0) | 2,556 (34.2) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | |
| Severe (31–39) | 1,627 (15.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1,627 (58.8) | ||
| Extreme (40–63) | 1,141 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1,141 (41.2) | ||
| Depressive symptoms (2)f | No (0–9) | 1,307 (12.8) | 1,307 (17.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| (BDI score) | Mild (10–16) | 2,625 (25.6) | 2,625 (35.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Moderate (17–29) | 3,281 (32.0) | 3,281 (43.9) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | |
| Severe (30–40) | 2,015 (19.7) | 257 (3.4) | 1,758 (63.5) | ||
| Extreme (41–63) | 1,010 (9.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1,010 (36.5) | ||
Notes.
- BDI
- Beck Depression Inventory
- BMI
- body mass index
- SD
- standard deviation
a
Combined p-value of chi-squared analysis over multiple imputed data.
b
Combined p-value of analysis of variance over multiple imputed data.
c
Sum of the number of participants from both groups may not equal the total due to rounding of averages over multiple imputed data.
d
1,300 Korean Won was about one US dollar as of June, 2001.
e
Cut-off score based on quartiles and the last decile.
f
Cut-off score based on previous research.