Table 1. Characteristics of the Korean middle-aged male participants by depressive symptoms.
Number (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No to moderate symptoms | Severe symptoms | p valuea | ||
Characteristics | n = 10,238 | n = 7,470 | n = 2,768 | ||
Age at enrollment | y (SD) | 56.3 (3.5) | 56.5 (3.8) | 56.2 (3.3) | 0.007b |
Smoking statusc | Never smoker | 3,027 (29.6) | 2,333 (31.2) | 694 (25.1) | <0.001 |
Past smoker | 2,480 (24.2) | 1,783 (23.9) | 698 (25.2) | ||
Current smoker | 4,730 (46.2) | 3,354 (44.9) | 1,377 (49.7) | ||
Drinking status | Never drinker | 1,216 (11.9) | 782 (10.5) | 434 (15.7) | |
Past drinker | 2,675 (26.1) | 1,756 (23.5) | 919 (33.2) | <0.001 | |
Current drinker | 6,347 (62.0) | 4,932 (66.0) | 1,415 (51.1) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | Below 18.5 | 323 (3.2) | 160 (2.1) | 163 (5.9) | |
18.5–22.9 | 4,118 (40.2) | 2,843 (38.1) | 1,275 (46.0) | <0.001 | |
23.0–24.9 | 2,992 (29.2) | 2,296 (30.7) | 696 (25.2) | ||
25 or above | 2,805 (27.4) | 2,171 (29.1) | 634 (22.9) | ||
Marital statusc | Living with spouse | 9,377 (91.6) | 7,060 (94.5) | 2,317 (83.7) | <0.001 |
Living without spouse | 861 (8.4) | 410 (5.5) | 450 (16.3) | ||
Self-rated healthc | Very good or good | 734 (7.2) | 724 (9.7) | 11 (0.4) | |
Fair | 3,748 (36.6) | 3,405 (45.6) | 343 (12.4) | <0.001 | |
Poor | 4,503 (44.0) | 2,944 (39.4) | 1,559 (56.3) | ||
Very poor | 1,253 (12.2) | 398 (5.3) | 856 (30.9) | ||
Educational statusc | Elementary school or below | 2,407 (23.5) | 1,489 (19.9) | 918 (33.2) | |
Middle school | 2,782 (27.2) | 1,934 (25.9) | 848 (30.6) | <0.001 | |
High school or above | 5,049 (49.3) | 4,048 (54.2) | 1,002 (36.2) | ||
Household income | Below 1,000,000 | 3,450 (33.7) | 1,852 (24.8) | 1,597 (57.7) | |
per monthc | 1,000,000–1,990,000 | 4,693 (45.8) | 3,707 (49.6) | 987 (35.6) | <0.001 |
(Korean Won)d | 2,000,000 or more | 2,095 (20.5) | 1,911 (25.6) | 184 (6.7) | |
Participant group | Survey-only group | 8,233 (80.4) | 5,881 (78.7) | 2,352 (85.0) | <0.001 |
Health exam group | 2,005 (19.6) | 1,589 (21.3) | 416 (15.0) | ||
Depressive symptoms (1)e | No (0–13) | 2,360 (23.0) | 2,360 (31.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
(BDI score) | Mild (14–21) | 2,554 (24.9) | 2,554 (34.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
Moderate (22–30) | 2,556 (25.0) | 2,556 (34.2) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | |
Severe (31–39) | 1,627 (15.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1,627 (58.8) | ||
Extreme (40–63) | 1,141 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1,141 (41.2) | ||
Depressive symptoms (2)f | No (0–9) | 1,307 (12.8) | 1,307 (17.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
(BDI score) | Mild (10–16) | 2,625 (25.6) | 2,625 (35.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
Moderate (17–29) | 3,281 (32.0) | 3,281 (43.9) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | |
Severe (30–40) | 2,015 (19.7) | 257 (3.4) | 1,758 (63.5) | ||
Extreme (41–63) | 1,010 (9.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1,010 (36.5) |
Notes.
- BDI
- Beck Depression Inventory
- BMI
- body mass index
- SD
- standard deviation
Combined p-value of chi-squared analysis over multiple imputed data.
Combined p-value of analysis of variance over multiple imputed data.
Sum of the number of participants from both groups may not equal the total due to rounding of averages over multiple imputed data.
1,300 Korean Won was about one US dollar as of June, 2001.
Cut-off score based on quartiles and the last decile.
Cut-off score based on previous research.