Table 3. Hazard ratios of suicides by risk factors in Korean middle-aged men (n = 10,238).a .
| Unadjusted analysis | Adjusted analysisb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categories of risk factors | No. of suicidesc | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | |
| Age at enrollment | One year increase in age | 41 | 0.24 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.27 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
| Smoking status | Never smoker | 9 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||
| Past smoker | 7 | 0.95 | 1.0 (0.4–2.6) | 0.51 | 0.7 (0.3–2.0) | |
| Current smoker | 25 | 0.15 | 1.8 (0.8–3.8) | 0.47 | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | |
| p for trendd | 41 | 0.11 | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 0.36 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | |
| Drinking status | Never drinker | 1 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||
| Past drinker | 16 | 0.07 | 8.4 (0.8–86.9) | 0.05 | 8.7 (1.0–75.5) | |
| Current drinker | 23 | 0.19 | 4.8 (0.5–49.1) | 0.10 | 6.1 (0.7-53.0) | |
| p for trendd | 41 | 0.80 | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.29 | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | |
| Body mass index | Below 18.5 | 2 | 0.79 | 1.2 (0.3–5.2) | 0.75 | 0.8 (0.2-3.4) |
| (kg/m2) | 18.5-22.9 | 22 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||
| 23.0–24.9 | 10 | 0.20 | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 0.55 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | |
| 25 or above | 7 | 0.07 | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.23 | 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | |
| p for trendd | 41 | 0.04 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.29 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | |
| Self-rated health | Very good or good | 1 | 0.35 | 0.4 (0.1–2.9) | 0.92 | 1.1 (0.1–10.3) |
| Fair | 9 | 0.33 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.71 | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | |
| Poor | 16 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
| Very poor | 15 | <0.001 | 3.6 (1.8–7.3) | 0.02 | 2.4 (1.1–5.2) | |
| p for trendd | 41 | <0.001 | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) | 0.13 | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | |
| Marital status | Living with spouse | 35 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||
| Living without spouse | 6 | 0.09 | 2.1 (0.9–5.0) | 0.76 | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | |
| Educational status | Elementary school or below | 16 | 0.002 | 3.6 (1.6–8.2) | 0.04 | 2.4 (1.0–5.6) |
| Middle school | 15 | 0.02 | 2.8 (1.2–6.3) | 0.09 | 2.1 (0.9–4.9) | |
| High school or above | 10 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
| p for trendd | 41 | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.03 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
| Household income | Below 1,000,000 | 21 | 0.03 | 3.7 (1.1–12.2) | 0.76 | 1.2 (0.3–4.7) |
| per month | 1,000,000–1,990,000 | 16 | 0.29 | 2.0 (0.6–6.8) | 0.79 | 1.2 (0.3–4.4) |
| (Korean Won)e | 2,000,000 or more | 4 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||
| p for trendd | 41 | 0.01 | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.80 | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | |
| Participant group | Health exam group | 7 | 0.46 | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.77 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) |
| Survey-only group | 34 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | |||
Notes.
- BDI
- Beck Depression Inventory
- CI
- confidence interval
- HR
- hazard ratio
a
Hazard ratios were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model over multiple imputed data.
b
Variables included in the Cox model were age at enrollment, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index, self-rated health, marital status, educational status, household monthly income, participant group, and depressive symptoms (5 categories based on quartiles and the last decile of the total BDI score).
c
Sum of the number of suicides may not equal the total suicides (n = 41) due to rounding of averages over multiple imputed data.
d
Categories of risk factors were analyzed as ordinal variables.
e
1,300 Korean Won was about one US dollar as of June, 2001.