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. 2015 Jul 7;5:11974. doi: 10.1038/srep11974

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The bouncing ball sequence in the current study included (1) simulating the effect of gravity and (2) improving movement smoothness. The current 600 ms IOI sequence with the two manipulations was compared with a control sequence without the two manipulations in control experiment 1, and was compared with control sequences without one of the two manipulations in control experiment 2. The results of control experiment 1 (A) showed that combining the two manipulations significantly improved tapping stability. The results of control experiment 2 (B) showed that removing individual manipulations did not yield significant performance differences, although the mean stability was highest for the sequence with both manipulations (GES&MSI vs. GES: t₈ = 1.679, p = 0.132, η² = 0.²61; GES&MSI vs. MSI: t₈ = 1.931, p = 0.090, η² = 0.318). GES represents the gravity effect simulation and MSI represents the movement smoothness improvement. GES&MSI refers to the 600 ms IOI bouncing ball sequence as in experiment 1. Other conventions are as in Fig. 2.